PINE BEETLES AND LARV. 137 
Also there were other larve present, cylindrical, of a kind of 
miniature pear-shape, so much attenuated at one end as to be bluntly 
pointed. These I conjectured to be parasites, but as no other larve 
were to be found without breaking up the bark, and thus wasting what 
might give developed insects presently, I folded the specimens of wood 
carefully together to wait further development. These specimens I 
left either untouched (or very carefully removed once or twice from 
their wrappers for purposes of examination) for many weeks in a 
locality favourable for development. But, neither by examination of 
living larve, nor by any specimens developed in the packet containing 
the plentiful supply of long and wide pieces of wood with bark attached 
(commonly called slabs), did I find any presence of larve (maggots) of 
Pine Beetle, or of the beetle itself. This large collection of specimens 
fully confirming the view, long held, that the maggots, after feeding 
‘in their tunnels between the bark and wood so as to infringe on both 
surfaces with their gnawings, and also working more or less into the 
substance of the bark, turn there (each maggot at the end of its own 
gallery) to chrysalis condition, and thence to the perfect beetle. These 
beetles, making their way out by the shot-hole-like perforations (see 
p. 138), fly to the Pine shoots, which they tunnel, and thus cause 
broadcast destruction. 
The larva or maggot of the Pine Beetle (H. piniperda) is about a 
quarter of an inch long, fleshy, wrinkled across, and legless, largest in 
the rings behind the head (see figure, p. 181); the general colour 
white, but ochrey near the head, and also somewhat ochrey in tint 
towards the tail; head dull yellowish. 
The larve turn to pupe at the end of their galleries beneath (or 
in) the bark, where the beetles complete their development, bore 
through the bark, thus causing the shot-like holes so observable in 
bark of infested trees, and then fly to growing shoots, which they 
tunnel and destroy, but only use as shelter, not for places of egg 
deposit. The beetles come out from the timber about the middle 
of the summer, it may be from the end of June until the end of 
August. 
The Pine Beetle is about the fifth of an inch in length; pitchy or 
black; wing-cases rather lighter in colour, somewhat rough, with 
rows of fine punctures, alternating with rows of little bristle-bearing 
tubercles (these absent on the apical portion of the second interstice). 
Fore body somewhat smaller in front, and (as well as the head) 
punctured; antenne clubbed at the end, and, as well as the feet 
(tarsi), rusty red, or brown, or yellow brown. 
The following letters refer to the autumn and winter form of 
mischief, caused solely by the Pine Beetles, after they have escaped 
from their places of development beneath the bark of the timber, flying 
