140 PINE. 
observation of smaller areas (so far as this country is concerned) to be 
the case, where material has been left for breeding purposes, that it 
has seemed of interest to give the observations in detail. 
Prevention AnD Remepres.—The main point to be attended to is to 
clear away all fallen Pine timber, or fallen or injured boughs, or felled 
poles, or trimmings from felled timber, which might serve as breeding- 
grounds for the infestation. The beetles as a regular thing choose 
places for egg-laying where the sap is not in full flow, and on the 
fallen timber, or half-killed branches, or in the Pine poles trimmed 
and thrown in heaps to be carried away at some future or more 
convenient time, the material is quite moist and soft enough to afford 
food for the maggots, without their being stifled by a flow of turpentine 
into the galleries, and the instinct of the beetles leads them (for egg- 
laying) to material in suitable condition. 
Fallen timber and fallen or injured boughs obviously require 
looking to; but clearing off the rubbish left in thinning plantations is 
not always thought of. In some information given me some years 
ago by the well-known head forester, Mr. W. McCorquodale, of Scone, 
N.B., he mentioned :— 
‘‘ When young Fir plantations are thinned, all the brush ought to 
be at once removed, or burnt on the ground, as the beetle propagates 
in the decaying branches in legions. . . . When Fir thinnings 
are carted from the plantations, it is a very common practice to dress 
the bark off, to lighten the carriage in transit to market. The dressing 
off of the bark should not be permitted within the plantation; in a 
year after, the ground round these heaps of bark may be seen covered 
with brown shoots blown from the growing trees, bored by the beetles 
which the heaps have nurtured.” 
It has also been observed that where most of the thinnings from a 
young Pine wood had been taken away, but some piles of these left, 
that near every one of these piles the mischievous work of the beetles 
was observable. 
But with regard to the above thinnings, trimmings, &c., some 
small proportion of them may be made useful as traps. As late as May 
the beetles may be found at their egg-laying work,—in an instance 
especially recorded on young Scots Pine trees, or poles cut down in 
the previous January,—and it answers well to leave a fair number of 
these to attract attack, and after laying time is over, and before the 
maggots in the trap-wood are come to development, to collect the 
traps and burn them. Some time in June would probably be early 
enough, but this could easily be known by raising a piece of bark from, 
time to time, and seeing the progress of the maggots. Where pieces 
of trimmed-off boughs or lengths of young Scots Fir tops with the 
