46 ELM. 
been recorded as occasionally infesting Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) as well 
as Hlm; but the attack has been entered on at such length by various 
writers, that I give at the end of this paper references to some of the 
published observations. 
PREVENTION AND Remepies.—The chief and most simple method in 
regard to prevention of attack is removal of all centres from which 
infestation might spread to sound trees; and amongst these most 
especially is removal of felled or fallen Elm trunks, or boughs from 
infested trees. These, whilst the bark is still on, contain thousands 
of maggots, all steadily progressing to beetle state, in which they will 
fly to start new attack on the neighbouring trees. The grubs will 
thrive as well beneath the bark of the felled timber, so long as there 
is moisture enough for them to feed on, as if the trees were still 
standing; and to this most common practice of non-removal of 
infested wood is owing a great deal of the constant injury going on to 
some of the very finest of our park trees. Such neglected trunks may 
be seen in park land or rural wood yards in all parts of the country 
where I have had the opportunity of observation; and I have had no 
difficulty, by merely slipping my hand under the bark, in stripping off 
feet and yards of it swarming with the Elm-bark maggots in their 
galleries. Where this can be done nothing further is needed than to 
strip off the bark and burn it; or if poultry are at hand, and the bark 
can be thrown with the inner surface uppermost, even the trouble of 
destroying it is not necessary. The poultry will clear the grubs, and 
any that fall to the ground will perish. If the bark cannot be run off 
as above mentioned, infested patches may be easily cleared by rough- 
shaving off the bark down to the wood; ora good thick coating of 
pitch or tar applied to the bark would not be costly, and would save 
much risk of infestation from the beetles which would otherwise come 
out. To prevent attack of the beetles to standing timber is a very 
difficult matter. The mixture known as Leinweber’s composition, 
for which the following recipe is given in Dr. Schlich’s ‘ Manual of 
Forestry,’ is said to be useful for this purpose :—‘‘5 lb. of tobacco, 
mixed with half a pailful of hot water, are kept hot for twenty-four 
hours; the water is then squeezed out of the tobacco, and mixed with 
half a pailful of bullock’s blood, one part of slaked lime, and sixteen 
parts of cow-dung. ‘This is kept in an open tub, and stirred once a 
day, and used after fermentation has setin. The rough bark, moss, 
&e., is trimmed off the tree, and the latter painted with the mixture 
for three successive days until a crust is formed, which the rain will 
not wash off.” * But besides the very disgusting nature of the appli- 
* «Forest Protection,’ by W. R. Fisher, p. 250, being vol. iv. of Dr. Schlich’s 
‘Manual of Forestry.’ London: Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Bouverie Street. 
