PINE BEETLE. 638 
black ; wing-cages rather lighter in colour, somewhat rough, with 
rows of fine punctures, alternating with rows of little bristle-bearing 
tubercles (these absent on the apical portion of the second interstice). 
Fore body somewhat smaller in front, and (as well as the head) punc- 
tured; antenne clubbed at the end, and, as well as the feet (tarsi), 
rusty red, or brown, or yellow brown (see figure 1, p. 60). 
In the early stages of the infestation to the tree or bough, before 
the tunnellings of the successive attacks have become confused together, 
the mother gallery and the side maggot galleries are quite clearly 
distinguishable, as shown in figure, p. 61. Later on, where many 
perforations like shot-holes are noticeable outside the Pine bark, 
showing for the most part the exit holes of the beetles which have 
been developed within, it is probable that the bark can easily be split 
from the wood, consequently on the quantity of workings between the 
two, and the galleries will be found interlacing and crossing, as shown 
in the figure on p. 62, which I copy, with acknowledgment, from a 
portion of the illustration given by Herr Hichhoff in his valuable work 
on European Bark Beetles.* 
Figure 4, p. 60, shows the appearance of a beetle-infested shoot 
cut open lengthways to show the tunnelling within. Sometimes these 
burrows are only an inch in length, and only one in a shoot; some- 
times there may be several tunnels, each made by a separate beetle, 
with a short length of uninjured wood (as figured) between each, 
occupying altogether, as in one of the worst attacked shoots that I 
have seen, as much as six and a halfinches. This attack affects the 
shoots of the current year (occasionally the beginning of the boring is 
made just below the beginning of the then present year’s growth), and 
besides the general damage done there is very special injury and loss 
of value if the central shoot of the young tree is tunnelled, and its 
growth becomes bushy-headed. 
Where much attack has been going on, the yellow or dying shoots 
on the trees and the numbers of fallen shoots beneath, with more or 
less beetle presence in them, will attract attention. But, excepting so 
far as the beetles may shelter in or about them for the winter and 
renew attack at egg-laying time in the following spring, the mischief 
here is completed. Gathering up the fallen shoots and destroying 
them will save some risk of further infestation if the beetles are still 
in them; but where the battle really has to be fought to prevent 
serious recurrence of attack is in the infested trees and branches, 
where the nursery-ground of the maggots and beetles is to be found 
in or just beneath the bark. 
The following account, sent me on September 23rd by Mr. John 
Clark (forester), from Kelly, Haddo House, near Aberdeen, N.B., it 
* ‘Die Europiischen Borkenkifer,’ von W. Hichhoff. Berlin. 
