SHOT-BORER BEETLES. 81 
size. It appears to be partial to rather hard woods, like Oak, Hickory, 
Beech, and Maple, and is found wherever these trees grow, both in 
this country and in Europe. It does much injury to timber, and in 
cut lumber the broad flat chambers produce defects which cannot be 
remedied by plugging.” 
In regard to distribution, it is mentioned by Herr Hichhoff* that 
‘*saxesent is not only distributed over the greatest part of Kurope, but 
is also found in the Canary Islands, in North America, and probably 
also in Japan. Amongst the bark beetles, it is a remarkably general 
feeder, for it lives and breeds not only in the wood of the most 
different kinds- of leafy trees, as Oak, Beech, Birch, Maple, Lime, 
Poplar, and orchard trees, but also in various of the needle-leaved 
trees’’ [as Pine and Fir]. 
In regard to dates of appearance, Herr Hichhoff notes that females 
of the first brood swarmed in his wood stores at the end of May and 
June. Also that Noerdlinger found in August pupe already yellow- 
coloured, which developed a few days after; and Schreiner found on 
one occasion, on September 12th, only larvee; on others, at the end of 
November and beginning of December, there were with the still living 
mother beetles what were certainly young beetles, besides full-grown 
and also still quite young larve. He (himself) found during winter 
young beetles, with still half-grown and full-grown larve. From 
this, Herr Eichhoff points out there can be no doubt that the beetles 
developed in August, and later again fly and breed, and from these 
proceed the hybernating beetles and larve. 
The year’s circle of propagation is thus completed from the beetles 
seen in great numbers appearing at the end of May, through a second 
generation to the hybernating brood supplying the spring or early 
summer attack. 
We have not yet traced the infestation all the year round here, but 
presumably it is the same. In the chambers of X. saweseni sent me 
on July 19th, I found eggs, larve, and one pupa still milk-white; and 
a little later on, more pupe. Early in September I found six or eight 
beetles in my rearing-box which had come out of the Plum wood, and 
which proved, on submitting them to Mr. O. E. Janson for certain 
identification, to be females of X. saxeseni, with the exception of one 
single specimen of the male, which sex appears to be rare in this 
species as well as with X. dispar, as Herr Kichhoff notes, in a summary 
of numbers counted, a proportion of only fifteen male beetles to three 
hundred and seventy-four females. The winter condition I had not 
the opportunity of investigating. 
This species is somewhat slender and elongate in shape; the 
* «Die Europiischen Borkenkafer,’ von W. Eichhoff, Kaiserl. Oberforster in 
Mulhausen, i. Elsass. Berlin, 1881, p. 280. 
G 
