DATES OF APPEARANCE. 133 
two years old, and found them well covered with the warbles in various 
stages, ‘‘some of them have twenty enlargements on the back, all 
showing the external opening.” 
Mr. H. C. Haines (tanner), Newport, Mon., wrote me:—‘‘I seldom 
see much of the warble in the pelts excepting during March, April, 
and May. . . . I usually commence to notice them as April comes 
in; for about a month I should judge fifty per cent. were damaged.” 
In regard to dates up to which warble maggot was still present on 
infested animals, also date of escape of the maggots at the end of what 
may be called the ordinary maggot season, Mr. Hy. Thompson wrote 
me from Aspatria on May 15th :—‘ I examined a byre yesterday near 
the sea, and failed to find a single warble. Next place I went to the 
cattle’s backs were nearly covered. The grubs are leaving the animals 
very fast now in this district.’’ 
On July 9th following, Mr. Jobn Dalton (tanner), of Wigton, 
Cumberland, wrote :—‘‘ At the present time hides are almost free from 
warbles, the worm having in almost every instance escaped. The 
last three weeks is the period (this year and in this part of the country) 
when the creature has made its exit.”’ 
The above notes of observation of presence of the infestation show 
the maggot (with the guide to its presence of the inflammation caused 
by it in the under surface of the hide) to be large enough to be 
noticeable in November, and the external swelling of the warble, in 
some instances already open in the centre, to be noticeable in January ; 
general appearance of warbles to begin about the middle of February ; 
attack to continue during March, April, and May; maggots noticed to 
be leaving the cattle about the 15th of May, but still so far present 
‘later on that the three weeks preceding the 9th of July is noted as the 
chief time (in the observations then being taken) during which the 
maggot had made its exit. 
These dates may be considered as showing the general range of 
period of warble presence, irrespective of presence of egg or maggot in 
its very earliest condition, which dates necessarily from the time of 
the Warble Fly laying its eggs, popularly ‘“‘striking”’ the cattle, which 
is variable; and also of casual presence between the middle of July 
and the commencement of observable development of the new attack 
of warbles in autumn or early winter, of which I had very complete 
specimens, including passage through the hide, in November. 
The two following tables, and the remarks accompanying, give tnforma- 
tion regarding a portion of the period—in one case of seven weeks, 
in the other of thirty-two weeks—in which warble attack was found 
present to such amount on hides as to be matter of regular busi- 
ness record. For this information I was indebted to the courtesy of 
Messrs. Fry & Co., Leather and Hide Factors, Moor St., Birmingham. 
