136 OX WARBLE FLY. 
‘«« Adopting another basis of calculation, taking the average to be 
25 per cent. from March 1st to October 31st, and 124 per cent. for the 
remaining portion of the year, and taking the damage at an average 
of 2s. 6d. per hide, the result would be £1250. 
‘‘T am inclined to think that both these estimates considerably 
under-rate the mischief done, and would especially point out that 
these figures refer only to the deterioration to the sale of the hides 
in a green state, and do not take into account the loss to the tanner 
on the finished article being depreciated in value, or the cost of labour 
and materials expended in producing leather which when finished is 
found to be unfit for the purpose intended.”—W. H. Hint, Manager 
to the Sheffield Butchers’ Hide and Skin Co., Limited. 
‘In our market we have a system of inspection for all market 
hides, being hides of cattle slaughtered in Glasgow and neighbour- 
hood for food purposes only. Under this system the hides are 
classified,—first and second classes, the latter being faulty flayed and 
warbled hides. 
‘Taking the warble months as February to May inclusive, we find 
the proportion of second class to be 56 per cent., while from June 
to December the proportion is only about 36 per cent., being, on a 
fair calculation, an increase of 20 per cent. on account of warbles.”’— 
Messrs. Rosert Ramsey & Co., Auction Brokers, Hides, &¢., Green- 
dyke Street, Glasgow, N.B. 
A summary of the above observations and estimates shows warble 
maggot to be customarily present present from February to the 
beginning or middle of June; and (during the remainder of the year) 
records are given of the attack as lasting until August; also as 
continuing until October; also that during the summer and autumn 
months one-third of the beasts slaughtered (locality named) are 
warbled ; and in another trade report 20 per cent. is named as, on a 
fair calculation, the amount of warbled hides of cattle slaughtered for 
food purposes in the period from June to December. 
The time of flight of the fly is given by Dr. Brauer as June to 
September *; this, as the duration of the chrysalis state is from 
twenty-six to thirty days or a very few days longer if low temperature 
is unfavourable to development, shows normal continuance of the pest 
in larval state for many weeks beyond what is conveyed by the word 
«spring. ;; 
Under the present cattle regulations there is probably little danger 
of spread of infestation from foreign cattle, but just to gtve a single 
reference as to warble presence: in 1887, Mr. Jos. G. Angus (a 
member of the Neweastle-on-Tyne Hide Inspection Society) wrote 
me :—‘‘ Of the thousands of live cattle brought to the Tyne yearly 
* «Monographie der @striden,’ von Friedrich Brauer, Wien, p. 127. 
