EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 201 
arcticus, of the Barren Grounds; FR. pearyi, of Ellesmereland, and 
R. groenlandicus, of Greenland. 
The second group, of woodland caribou, holds four species, all 
of which lie to the south of the barren ground species. In con- 
trast to their northern cousins they are forest animals. In the 
Cassiar Mountains of British Columbia we have R. osborni, 
handsomest and largest of all caribou; R. montanus, of British 
Columbia, passing over the border into the United States; R. 
caribou, of Canada, east into Nova Scotia, and FR. terraenovae, 
in Newfoundland. 
These nine species are all fairly well separated, and are all, 
but especially the barren ground group, closely related to the 
Eurasian reindeer, of which as yet only three species have 
been described. Their varietal development on this continent 
indicates a long residence here, longer probably than that of the 
moose. 
The next genus of the deer, Cervus, has one outlying member 
in America, the wapiti. This genus first appears fossil in the 
Middle Pleistocene, and has only developed two local races of 
doubtful value, C. occidentalis, or the Olympic elk, and C. mer- 
riami, a small form from Arizona and the San Joaquin Valley in 
California. The wapiti once ranged to the Atlantic Ocean and 
as far northeast as the Rcondacls and in the East may possibly 
have had local characters of subspecific value. 
THE AMERICAN DEER. 
Last of all the deer we come to a strongly marked genus, Odo- 
coileus, which includes all North American deer not referred to 
above. There are in the United States and Canada at least four 
well-marked species, with seven or eight subspecies. In South 
and Central America there are at least twenty additional species, 
all belonging to Odocoileus, together with a closely related genus 
containing one small and aberrant form, Pudua. 
All deer being of northern origin, these South American deer 
show signs of the deterioration which inevitably overtakes the 
members of the deer family when they enter the tropics. 
Only three of the North American species need be referred to: 
first, the Virginia deer, O. virginianus, extending with its sub- 
species westward into the Rockies and south into Florida and 
Texas, where it meets the closely related Coues’ deer, O. couesi; 
second, the mule deer, O. hemionus, of the Western plains and 
