36 HULL SCIENTIFIC AND FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. 
bores are in the chalk rock, as the chalk in that neighbourhood is 
found at about 55 to 60 feet from the surface. The best quality 
and the largest quantity of water is found on the top of the chalk 
rock in Hull. There is a bore at the Subscription Mill on the 
Holderness Road about 95 feet deep, from which the water is 
better both in quality and quantity than that obtained from the 
adjoining deep bores.” 
It thus seems clear that the flow of the pure fresh water 
towards the sea is in the main on the surface of the subterranean 
reservoir along the rubbly and open rock, which is everywhere the 
character of the upper beds of the chalk: and that the brackish 
water found at greater depths is probably due to the pressure of 
the ocean forcing salt water into the rock at a lower level. 
I hope the few facts cursorily brought together in this paper 
may be convincing as to the vastness of the chalk water supply of 
Yorkshire ; and will show that, providing the wells pierce the 
minimum water-line, which in no place exceeds a maximum depth 
of 300 feet, an abundant supply of water is always obtainable. 
Except in proximity to the sea and the Humber, and where it is 
not polluted by human habitation, it is agreeable to the taste and 
free from objectionable impurities. * 
* Through the kindness of Mr. F. J. Bancroft, B.Sc., M.1.M.#., our Water 
Engineer, I find that last year the total quantity of water (for all purposes) 
supplied to Hull and district from the Water Works at Springhead and 
Cottingham amounted to 3,355,464,000 gallons. This works out to about 394 
gallons per day, fer capzta, for a population estimated at 233,000. Assuming 
the annual rainfall on the Wolds to be (in round numbers) 24 inches, and the 
chalk outcrop 400 square miles, and reckoning one-third of the rainfall as 
passing down into the chalk and replenishing our subterranean reservoir, we 
find from the following calculation that what the chalk receives annually from 
the clouds exceeds by fourteen times what we are now consuming, for 
P 6, 464,000,000 
28026 AON RI n Od ee TAs 
bee 4 8 ‘ 3)3551404,008 4 
H.P.S. 
WRYNECK ON THE Coast oF HOLDERNESS. A female Wryneck 
(Lynx torquilla) was caught bya dog near the cliff at Rowlston, on 
the 11th May. It was in very poor condition. I have never 
before heard of this species in Holderness. Mr. Darley, the 
bird-stuffer in Hull, told me it was thirty-seven years since he had 
seen a specimen.—B. B. Haworru-Bootu, Hullbank Hall, 
Hull. * 
* From ‘‘ The Naturalist,” Sept., 1899. 
