CONTENTS AND ORIGIN OF THE GRAVELS AROUND HULL... 49 
that the Norwegian Ice-sheet on coasting along our shores first 
passed the mouth of the Tees . . . then the Lias at 
Whitby . . . the chalk at Flambro’, and then dragged 
with it the greater part of the beach of the pre-glacial bay of 
Holderness, with its pholas-bored pebbles, bones, etc., and finally 
deposited the whole, mixed with the Scandinavian rocks and 
marine shells, together with the fresh water Cyvena, so as to form 
the range of hills stretching from Flambro’to Paull . . . this 
being its terminal moraine.” In other words, the Kelsey Hill and 
Burstwick Pits are dug into the moraine laid down by the 
Scandinavian ice-sheet. 
In support of this I should like to quote a few words from 
Mr. E. J. Garwood’s remarks which followed Sir Martin Conway’s 
paper on the “ First Crossing of Spitsbergen,”* read to the Royal 
Geographical Society on January 25th, 1897. As is well known, 
Mr. Garwood accompanied Sir Martin Conway on his expedition. 
He says: 
** An interesting point to notice is the mode of advance of these 
glaciers, [z.e., the Spitsbergen glaciers]; the top layers, shearing 
over the lower ones, advance more rapidly, until they overhang to 
such an extent that they break off, forming a “talus” of ice 
below; over this the glacier advances, finally over-riding the 
moraine completely. Glaciers advancing in this manner do not, 
therefore, push forward loose material lying in their path, but flow 
over it; the lower layers of ice, embayed behind this obstacle, 
are, however, dragged over it by the upper advancing layers, and 
bring up with them fragments of the raised beach frozen into their 
under surface. Dr. Gregory and myself found no difficulty in 
collecting fragments of driftwood, she//s, and bones of whales, 
mixed with pebbles, which had been raised several hundred feet 
above the original level of the beach in this manner.” 
At Spitsbergen, then, there is at the present day a process 
going on in all probability precisely similar in character to that 
which took place in Holderness long, long ago, the results in each 
case being identical. This is all the more interesting when it 
is borne in mind how far both examples are separated, both in 
time and distance. 
In different parts of the Riding, as at Hessle, just west of the 
Railway Station, and at various places on the coast, masses of 
gravel are to be found zz the boulder-clay. These contain neither 
mammalian remains nor shells, and principally consist of similar 
stones to those found in the adjacent boulder clay, though usually 
* Printed in the Geographical Journal for April, 1897, p. 367. 
+ The italics are mine. 
