TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT 73 
of a putrid odor. The temperature is normal or subnormal, 
rarely elevated, except in the very early stages of the affection. 
The respiration is not much disturbed, except immediately be- 
fore and after the act of vomiting, when it is generally rapid. 
The abdomen is hard and drawn or tucked up, and on pressure 
over the region of the stomach, pain is generally evinced by 
groaning and great resistance on the part of the animal, which 
often vomits immediately after this manipulation. When the 
animal is made to move, it does so with great reluctance, shows 
great muscular weakness, arches the back and has a tottering, 
feeble gait, and again quickly assumes the recumbent position. 
When the disease is fairly developed, the facial expression 
is anxious or haggard, the eyeballs are drawn back into their 
orbits, the pupils are dilated and the eyes expressionless. The 
urine is scant, of a high specific gravity, dark in color, and 
emits a very strong odor. Although nervous disturbance is 
not a pronounced characteristic of this disease, convulsions, re- 
sembling distemper convulsions, and coma have been seen in 
fatal cases. 
While the mortality is very high we have, however, had 
recovery take place in a polar bear, sloth bear, sun bear, 
ocelots, a clouded leopard and in a puma. While there is 
absolute loss of appetite, we have taken advantage of the insati- 
able thirst, and in this way have been able to administer anti- 
septic remedies such as copper arsenate, quinine salicylate, hy- 
drochloric acid, salol, subgallate of bismuth, and morphine sul- 
phate in cod-liver oil, and in milk and brandy. In the cases 
of the polar bear, and sloth bear, the early administration of 
cod-liver oil doubtless saved the lives of both of these animals, 
which were taken ill on the same day. The polar bear took 
thirty-four ounces of cod-liver oil at one dose. Animals will 
often retain carbonated water and milk when other liquids will 
be expelled. In these cases it is important to cut off the supply 
of water from the animal in order that medicines may be ad- 
ministered. The indications for treatment are to give the 
stomach as much rest as possible, and the food must consist of 
white of eggs, milk and fresh beef juice given in small quantities 
at intervals of three or four hours. After two or three days 
of this diet, scraped raw beef may be added to the milk and 
the white of eggs, but only in very small quantities, say a table- 
spoonful at a time. As the body temperature is greatly re- 
