En 
61 
On the other hand the Chitons are more especially distinct from 
the Solenogastres: 
1) by their polybranchiate apparatus; 
2) by the arrangement of the intestines; 
3) by the development of the liver; 
4) by the separate openings of the oviducts and of the kidney. 
The AMPHINEURA, originally introduced by v. IHrrınG (10) as a 
new phylum of Vermes, but afterwards with full justice changed 
by SPENGEL (30) into a class of Mollusks !) must in consequence of 
all these considerations be regarded as a natural group of animals. 
They certainly have more archaic characters than either the Ack- 
PHALA or the SOLENOCONCHAE’ and though not the direct ancestors 
of the Gasteropods they are related to these in the same way as 
they are to Dentalium and the Lamellibranchs. 
Although they truly belong to the Molluscan type we find, on 
tracing their probable phylogenetic relation to lower invertebrates 
that they point by more than one structural character in the direc- 
tion of the Platyelminths. 
l) v. IuerınG appears to have accepted this modification. In the »Zoolo- 
gischer Jahresbericht 1879, herausgegeben von der Zool. Station zu Neapel, 
1880, p. 818, this author records the new publications goncerning “anatomy, 
physiology aud embryology of Mollusks”, and among these the review is 
opened by: Class I, AMmPHINEURA. 
