44 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [Dec. 5 
sands. If such is the case, and if these beds, as is usually sup- 
posed, are a continuation of the New Jersey ones, they must be 
explained as follows: Hither the original beds have been torn 
apart by the ice which bore down upon them, or else by the 
extensive erosion of the currents which deposited the overlying 
sands and gravels. The writer favors this latter view. 
A boring made on the site of Kreischer’s fire-brick factory 
showed : 
Sand and soil . : f : : 30 feet. 
Blue clay : : : c . 90 feet. 
White Sand j z é 2 feet. 
Sand and clay alternating : c 78 feet. 
Total thickness - ; . 200 feet. 
Next to the church at Kreischerville is a bank of stratified 
sand standing some 40 feet back from the road. It appears to 
have been dug away considerably, but Mr. Kreischer informed 
me that there was once a large mass of clay at this spot, which 
was surrounded by the sand. To the north of this, near the 
shore, is a bank of blue stoneware clay overlain by four to six 
feet of fine yellow laminated sand, and southeast of the church 
is a similar bank, but the clay is of a more sandy nature. A 
third opening is opposite Kilmeyer’s Hotel at Kreischerville, 
where a yellow fire-clay is dug. This is overlain by about 20 
feet of sand and yellow gravel and underlain by a whitish sand. 
A fourth opening is situated on the shore in a bluish clay. 
Borings made at various points between Kreischer’s factory 
and Wood & Keenan’s brickyard penetrated a blue clay at a 
depth of a few feet. This latter is no doubt of a very recent 
origin. 
At the Anderson Brick Company’s pit, near Green Ridge, the 
lower clay, which is of a black color, shows signs of distur! vance, 
and slicken-sided surfaces are common. The upper portions of 
the bank are of blue and gray colors, and at one spot there isa 
thick seam of lignite. This clay is not sufficiently refractory for 
fire-brick. Fragmentary plant remains were found by the 
writes. 
In the pits of the Staten Island Kaolin Company, the upper 
portion of the kaolin has been disturbed by the ice and the 
kaolin is intermixed with the till. The kaolin is here underlain 
by a sandy clay. 
Glacial clays also occur on Staten Island, and are being used 
for the manufacture of brick. 
Long Island Clays. 
The clays are found along the north shore of the Island and 
