Proceedings. 31 
three weeks to attain full growth. The pupal stage took place 
in the soil, and lasted about 23 days, when the perfect insect 
emerged. There were several broods within the year. The 
way to get rid of this pest was by sweeping the leaves with 
boughs of light leafage, and drenching with liquid manure. 
The lecturer proceeded to describe the Gooseberry Saw-fly. 
The head and thorax were, he said, black, marked with yellow, 
with orange abdomen, and iridescent wings. It was to be 
seen hovering about currant and gooseberry bushes in early 
spring. The female laid her eggs in slits cut in the underside 
of the leaves. The larvie were a bluish-green with black spots 
on the segments, and yellow markings on the head and tail. 
They formed a yellow-brown cocoon at a depth of two or more 
inches beneath the surface of the earth. The perfect: insect 
appeared in about three weeks; in the late brood, the larvae 
remained in cocoons throughout the winter. The remedy for 
getting rid of this pest was by removing the earth during the 
autumn and winter, by burning a few inches of the surface 
soil, by working gas-lime well into the soil beneath the bushes 
in early spring, or by dusting the leafage with soot, lime, or 
tobacco powder. 
Gall-fies were remarkable for the curious swelling produced 
by them on trees. The oak apple, “ apple of Sodom,” and gall- 
nuts, from which ink was made, were all the work of these 
minute creatures. 
The Ichneumon-flies were useful as preying upon other 
insects, some destroying plant-lice, and others the cabbage-white 
butterfly. 
The second group—Ants—lived in communities. There were 
three distinct castes : male, female, and worker. Sometimes 
there was a fourth caste, called soldier ants. One species 
formed roads and harvested grain; others were migratory, 
and made raids, captured slaves, and had definite burying- 
grounds. 
Of the Hive Bee there were three adult forms: the male, or 
drone; the perfect female, or queen; and the worker, or un- 
developed female. Cultivation of bees was recorded in the 
