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Proceedings 27 
found beneath a lava-stream by Dr. Dubois in 1892. The stra- 
tum is Pliocene,or, in the opinion of some geologists, Pleistocene. 
The usual view is that this animal was a being intermediate 
between man and the generalized type from which man and 
the anthropoid apes sprang. Some authorities however, like 
Sergi, hold that it is not a direct ancestor of man, but a by- 
form, allied to the gibbons, though vastly superior to them. One 
notes the narrow and retreating forehead, the remarkable pos- 
terior development of the skull, and the huge ridges over the 
eyes. While the brain-capacity of the highest anthropoid apes 
does not exceed 550 c.c., that of the Pithecanthropus is reckon- 
ed at 930-1000, that of the prehistoric Neandertal race of man 
at 1150, that of the lowest existing races, Bushmen, Veddas, 
etc., at 1250, and that of intelligent Europeans at 1500-1650. 
A Scotchman naturally holds the record with 1800. 
Passing over the still disputed question of Tertiary man, I 
must say a few words on Quaternary man, in and immediately 
after the Glacial Period. It is in W. Europe that nearly all the 
earliest traces of man have been found. Rude flint implements 
abound from the last warm interglacial period, and ‘probably 
much earlier. The skulls of palaeolithic men, the makers of these 
tools, till recently presented a great puzzle, for they belonged 
to extremely different types, and seemed to show no sequence 
or progress. Now however it is claimed by Koepens and tSergi 
that rigid investigation of the conditions under which they were 
found has led to the following result. The only race that is cer- 
tainly known to have inhabited Europe before the end of the 
glacial period is the extremely low and animal type known as 
Neandertal man, so named from the valley near Disseldorf 
where a famous skull was discovered. When the ice-cap was 
shrinking and the climate growing warmer, in the so-called 
Reindeer Age, a new and vastly higher race appeared, repre- 
sented by the skull of Chancelade and many others. Prof. Sergi, 
one of the most eminent of living ethnologists, maintains that 
this race was not descended from Neandertal man, but that it 
penetrated Europe from the South, coming from N. Africa, 
where, as well as in Europe, its representatives still live, and 
+ G. Sergi, The Mediterranean Race, 1901, esp. Chap. X. 
