28 Proceedings 
form in many countries the bulk of the population. The re- 
markable thing 1 is that this highly endowed Eurafrican race, as 
Sergi calls it, appears in Europe practically full-fledged, and 
seems in the early post-glacial period to have been almost as 
intelligent as it is now. 
Apart from the hardly human or non-human Pithecanthro- 
pus, the Neandertal race is the lowest and most ape-like variety 
of mankind known. Its remains have been found in many parts 
of Europe, Among the best examples are skulls from Spy 
and Engis in Belgium, Brix in Bohemia, Krapina in Croatia, 
Gibraltar and Neandertal. Huxley has thus described the men 
of this race: ‘They were short of stature, but powerfully built, 
with strong, curiously curved thigh-bones, the lower ends of 
which are so fashioned that they must have walked with a bend 
at the knees. Their long-depressed skulls had very strong brow- 
ridges; their lower jaws, of brutal strength and solidity, sloped 
away from the teeth downwards and backwards, in consequence 
of the absence of that especially characteristic feature of the 
higher type of man, the chin prominence.’t We may add that 
not only was the skull very thick but that the forehead was 
‘villainously low,’ and the posterior part of the brain compara- 
tively large, the canine teeth were large, the fore-arms were 
long, heavy and clumsy with a divergent radius and ulna, and 
the shins were short. A human head carved in crystalline talc, 
found near Mentone, has been thought to represent a member 
of this race.t 
Inside the lower jaw of a man there is found a bony pro- 
cess known as the genial tubercle, to which one of the mus- 
cles which move the tongue is attached. This is wanting in the 
apes and in all other brutes. A jaw-bone found at La Naulette 
in Belgium has a depression in the place of this tubercle: hence 
it was supposed by de Mortillet that some of the Neandertal 
men were unable to produce fully articulate sounds, if not ut- 
terly incapable of speech. This is supported by the fact that 
certain consolidations of the internal spongy tissue of the jaw- 
bone, due to the tension of the muscles regulating speech, are 
+ The Aryan Question, 1890, in Collected Works, vii., p.322- 
t E. Piette, as above, p.32. 
