30 Proceedings 
ped animals and drove the wild cattle over precipices, Probably 
they were cannibals, as split human bones have been found, but 
opinion is divided on this point. It is uncertain whether they 
could make fire. Of huts and clothing during the warm inter- 
glacial period nothing is known, but when the cold increased 
caves were inhabited, and if the bone needles were the work of 
these men, skins were probably used for dress. That the race 
was capable of progress to some extent is shown by the gradual 
improvement in the tools found in the gravel-beds. But at his 
best the Neandertal man was a savage of a low type. He was 
dispossessed from the plains and valleys of Central Europe by 
the intelligent invaders from the S., and driven, it would seem, 
to take a last refuge in the marshy coasts and islands which fringe 
the North Sea, a district admirably adapted by nature for pur- 
poses of shelter. Here, among the Frisians, it is maintained, his 
blood, greatly diluted, still flows. I shall revert to this subject 
later, but shall now speak of the discoveries which have led some 
anthropologists to suppose that the Eurafrican invaders encoun- 
tered among the aborigines individuals of a truly brutal type. 
The Eurafricans, if we are to accept the conclusions of Sergi 
and others, conclusions which are finding wide acceptance, were 
and are the most gifted of all races. Branches of them created 
the wonderful civilizations of Egypt and Crete, and formed in 
later times the bulk of the population of Greece, Italy and 
Spain, and a large element in those of France, Britain, Scandin- 
avia, and W. Germany. We are however here concerned with 
their first appearance in France in the Reindeer Age, when the 
climate was slowly becoming warmer. Later they produced the 
Neolithic culture. The skull of Chancelade, dating from the time 
of their first appearance in Europe, has a capacity of 1730 c.c., 
much greater than that of the average European of to-day. At 
this early time, more than 10,000 years ago at the lowest com- 
putation, the Chancelade race left numerous traces of its man- 
ner of life in caves, which have been explored in recent years, 
especially in the basin of the Garonne and the Pyrenaean slopes. 
They constructed wooden huts of which they have drawn pic- 
tures. They had even the elements of writing, for in the cave 
of Mas d’Azil there are symbols written on pebbles, not unlike 
