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only finding one specimen which pupated just as I was leaving 
Brazil. I brought the pupa to England, but the moth did not 
emerge. 
Another good example of protective colour and form in com- 
bination is a large Sphingid larva, Pholus labruscae. The resem- 
blance to the head and fore part of a snake is sufficiently perfect 
to scare away any bird that might catch sight of it amongst the 
leaves of the vine on which it feeds. Some other species of 
Sphingidae, as for instance in the genus Hemeroplanes, more 
closely resemble snakes than this species, but they have not come 
under my own personal observation. 
Some of the Brazilian Lastocampidae are especially well 
protected by shape and colour; their habit is to rest in the day- 
time on the trunk of the tree on which they feed, and they 
are covered with protuberances and hairs that give them the 
appearance of bits of lichen. 
The protective habit of folding the edges of leaves and bind- 
ing them together, to form chambers in which the caterpillars 
pass all their time when not feeding, is very general in many 
families of moths, and in the Hesperidae amongst butterflies. 
It is hardly necessary to mention the countless numbers of grubs 
with this habit that doso much damage in our gardens and orchards. 
The protection of a case or covering formed by the cater- 
pillar from its food-stuff or surrounding objects is well shown 
in the Clothes-moths in the Z7znezdae, and in the cases made 
of grass-stalks, etc., in the Psychidae. In Brazil we have also 
the Drepanulidae, the caterpillars of which form protective 
coverings in which to pass the larval and pupal conditions. 
The most specialised protection in the Zimeédae that I have 
come across occurs in the species Hndrosis brasiliensis. The 
caterpillar lives in a chamber excavated in the dead bark of a 
tree, and from the mouth of this chamber it forms a long tube 
of silk and minute particles of bark. The tube is soft and flex- 
ible, and the free end is very loose and baggy, forming an ex- 
cellent covering for the caterpillar when feeding. The length 
of the caterpillar when full-fed is 12 millimeters, and the tube 
is 11 centimeters long, more that nine times the length of the 
caterpillar. The diameter of the tube at the fixed end is a little 
4 
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