BRAINERD: CAULESCENT VIOLETS OF SOUTHEASTERN U. 5. 197 
closely resembles V. conspersa; and in midsummer the two are 
easily confused. It is the fourth of the stemmed violets whose 
southern range is restricted to the Appalachian region. 
The third and last section of stemmed violets in the south- 
eastern United States is the one to which the European pansy 
belongs; it is represented in the New World by two very similar 
species, one introduced and one indigenous. 
The latter, VioLA RAFINESQUII Greene, is widely distributed 
from New York to Georgia and westward to Michigan and Texas. 
It so closely resembles the introduced species, V. arvensis, that 
many American botanists (even Dr. Gray) have failed to dis- 
tinguish them. The native plant is much smaller and more deli- 
cate, with petals about twice the length of the sepals, those of the 
other species being hardly as long as the sepals. 
VIOLA ARVENSIS Murr. will need to be recognized as an intro- 
duced plant in the South as well as in the North, and may become 
a weed in cultivated ground in America as it is in Europe. I 
found it last April abundant and troublesome in a field where 
shrubs were propagated, at Biltmore, N. C. 
Synopsis of the caulescent violets of ithe [southeastern United 
States 
§1. Style capitate, beakless; spur short; stipules nearly entire, soon scarious. 
Petals yellow. 
Rootstock long, thick, whitish, bearing crisp, capillary roots. V. hastata. 
Rootstock short, woody, brown, bearing coarse, fibrous roots. 
inged outside with violet. 
Leaves 3-lobed to 3-divided. V. tripartita. 
Leaves uncut, ovate or rhombic-ovate. _V. tripartita var. glaberrima. 
Petals yellow outside. 
Sparingly pubescent, root leaves usually 1-3. V. eriocar pa. 
y pubescent, root leaves usually wanting. V. pubescens 
Petals white inside, usually violet outside. V. canadensis. 
§2. Style not capitate, slender; length of spur at least twice the width; stipules 
b 
ristly toothed; somewhat herbaceous. 
Spur less than 8 mm. long; lateral petals bearde 
etals white, or cream-colored. V. striata. 
Petals violet blue. 
Stems ascending; later leaves subacuminate. V. conspersa. 
Stems prostrate; leaves obtu 
Spur 10-20 mm. long, slender, lateral ae beardless. V. rostrata. 
