428 BLANCHARD: RUBUS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA 
1803, described in rather ambiguous terms R. villosus Ait., which 
as an American plant had been described in still more ambiguous 
terms. Michaux, or the person who wrote the description, for 
Michaux probably neither wrote the description nor was consulted 
as to it, gave as its habitat “in utraque Carolina,’ and incor- 
porated into his description the queried reference “R. hispidus? 
Walt.’’ This uncertainty was caused by Michaux’s mistake in 
giving R. fruticosus Walter as a synonym for R. ¢rivialis just 
described, and then it followed that R. hispidus Walter would 
be the same as R. villosus of Michaux. Michaux had transposed 
Walter’s names. 
Muhlenberg, though he had in 1791 used the name R. fruti- 
cosus L. for the high blackberry, yet in 1813 called it R. villosus 
Ait., evidently thus interpreting Michaux. He called it also the 
“blackberry.”’ Bigelow, in 1814, perhaps following Muhlenberg 
as he certainly had Muhlenberg’s 1813 catalogue before him, also 
called it R. villosus and described it in no uncertain language. 
Pursh also, in 1814, who certainly had not seen Muhlenberg’s 
catalogue, describes R. villosus Ait., combining in his description 
the language of both Michaux and Aiton, saying it was common 
from New England to Carolina in old fields and commons and 
was known as “blackberries,’”’ while under the name of R. trivialis 
Michx. he described a plant known as ‘‘dewberries.’’” Barton, 
in 1815, must have followed Michaux, though possibly because 
Muhlenberg had led the way, as he used part of Michaux’s de- 
scription of R. villosus including Michaux’s queried reference “ R. 
hispidus? Walt.,”’ and he calls it the ‘high blackberry.”’ 
After the publication of the works of this quartet of botanists, 
1813 to 1815, Rubus villosus Ait. was the settled name for all high 
blackberries, though Bigelow published his unrecognized R. frondo- 
sus in 1824. But Prof. T. C. Porter discovered in 1890 that the 
blackberry on the Pennsylvania hills (they call them mountains), 
was not the same blackberry as that on the lower Delaware. So 
he named it var. montanus, and later, in 1894, he raised it to a 
species, but montanus being a homonym, in 1896 he renamed it 
Rubus alleghaniensis. Meanwhile, in 1891, Dr. C. F. Millspaugh 
made a find on the mountains of West Virginia, which Dr. N. L. 
Britton named Rubus Millspaughii. So these names began to be 
