AMERICAN CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE 171 
CANON 10. A generic or subgeneric name is published when it has 
been printed and distributed (1) with a generic or specific 
description (or in palaeobotany a figure) and a binomial spe- 
cific name, or (2) with a generic and specific name and the cita- 
tion of a previously published description, or (3) with a 
reference to a specific description, which is associable by 
citation with a previously published binomial species. 
ExAmp_es,—Pachysandra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 177 (1803), is pub- 
lished with a generic and specific description and a binomial specific name 
Brasenia Schreb. ex Gmel. Syst. 2 : 853 (1791), is published with a generic de- 
scription anda binomial specific name ; Si/phium L. Sp. Pl. 919 (1753), is pub- 
lished with a specific description and a binomial specific name ; Poacites Schloth. 
Petrefact. 416, /. 26, f. 7, 2 (1820), a fossil genus, is published with figures 
and a binomial specific name, but without a description; Ayssa L. Sp. Pl. 1058 
(1753), is published with a generic and specific name and the citation of pre- 
viously published descriptions; Dryopteris Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 20 (1763), is 
previously published Polypodium Filix-mas L. Sp. Pl. 1090 (1753), inasmuch 
as both Adanson and Linnaeus cite Fi/ix mas of Fuchs. 
Canon 11. Names of subtribes, orders, and intervening groups are 
published when they have been printed and distributed with 
direct or indirect citations of component genera. 
EXxAMpLes. — Moraceae Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 266 (1847), is published with 
the citation of component genera; Ophioglossales Engler, Syll. ed. 2, 63 (1898), 
is published with the citation of component genera. 
Canon 12. A name is not published by its citation in synonymy, 
or by incidental mention. 
Examp.es. — Echeveria spicata, cited by De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 349 
(1828) as a synonym of Fouguierta formosa, is not published and does not in- 
validate Echeveria DC. published on page 401 of the same volume ; Acrosti- 
chum Plumieri “‘ Desv. herb,” cited as a synonym of 4. viscosum in Fée, Mém. 
Fam. Foug. 2: 46 (1845), is not published, and does not invalidate Acrostichum 
Plumieri Fée, published as a species on page 50 of the same work ; Hormisus 
opuntioides Targ., cited by Bertoloni, Amoen. Ital. 316 (1819), as & synonym 
of Fucus Sertolara Bertol. (= Halimeda Tuna), is not thereby published. 
Canon 13. Of names published in the same work and at the same 
time, those having precedence of position are to be regarded 
as having priority. 
Exampes.—Alsine L. Sp. Pl. 272, is to be regarded as having priority 
over Stellaria L. Sp. Pl. 421; Aira spicata L. Sp. Pl. 63, is to be regarded as 
having priority over Aira spicata L. Sp. Pl. 64; Hibiscus Moscheutos L. Sp. Pl. 
693, is to be regarded as having priority over 17. palustris, which it precedes on 
the same page. 
