41 
hills was not found at the bottom in large blocks, but as a fine clayey and 
shaley wash of comminuted slate. Atmospheric agencies were at 
work lowering the mountains on either side the lake, but working in 
different materials they produced a very different result. 
Looking into the details of the scenery, first came Friar’s Crag, 
and Castle Head close by. These were formed of green- 
stone, intruded among the Skiddaw slates ; the former was hard, 
the latter soft, and hence the craggy prominences, The line of junc- 
tion between the soft Skiddaw slates and the hard volcanic series ran 
along the eastern edge of the lake. The hollow in which the lake lay 
had been scooped out of the softer rocks. The craggy line of moun- 
tains rising above and behind Barrow House, were alternations of 
stratified ash beds and lava flows, all dipping into the hill at a low angle. 
Hence a step-like form was given to much of the upper part of this 
hill-side—some of the beds, being harder than others, stood out in relief. 
North and South of Barrow House was a great quantity of material fallen 
from the steep rocky cliffs. At the head of Derwentwater was a tract 
of alluvial land representing a part of the lake filled up by the matter 
rolled down into it by the river. This filling up was still going on, for 
a stretch of shallow water from five to nineteen feet ran full three- 
quarters of a mile into the lake. 
On entering Borrowdale, rough, wild, craggy mountains, formed 
of cleaved volcanic ash and breccia, with occasional beds of con- 
temporaneous trap, were found. The bedding and cleavage of 
the ash was frequently very conspicuous. But perhaps the most 
striking feature was the ice-worn appearance of the rocks. At 
Grange Bridge there was a fine example, the scratches being 
well preserved. Skiddaw slates, as a rule, did not retain their 
effects of ice so well as the ash and trap rocks, though some of the 
best examples were to be found among the former. On the summit of 
Brund Fell every rock was a rounded surface, and almost every 
surface was very deeply grooved and scratched in one definite 
direction, while occasionally there were fine examples of perched 
_ blocks. In Borrowdale, also, were two old lake sites, now filled up by 
the stream-borne detritus. Along the western side of the lake, by the 
flanks of Maiden Moor and Cat Bells (all Skiddaw slate), were many 
long grassy slopes, a few slightly craggy spots, where occasional harder 
__ beds or quartz strings occurred, and several streams of stones made 
up of small slaty fragments. 
Amongst other features of the landscape were two inverted 
_ arches—-one in Borrowdale, formed by the sides of Brund Fell and 
