6 
valleys, and abutted against the Jura at a height of 3,000 feet. 
This was followed by a long inter-glacial period, with several 
minor oscillations, during which the climate was not very 
different from that of the present day, and which lasted long 
enough to enable a temperate vegetation to overspread large dis- 
tricts which has been covered by glaciers and frozen snow, and to 
bring the hyena, hippopotamus, and other forms of an African 
fauna as far north as Yorkshire. Again a second glacial period 
set in, which, although not so intense as the first, was sufficient 
to convert the plains of Southern France and Germany into tun- 
dras like those of Lapland, over which herds of reindeer roamed, 
feeding on arctic willows and lichens. 
A GREAT GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENON. 
Nor are these phenomena confined to Europe. On the contrary, 
we find the same sequence of an intense glaciation, an inter-glacial 
period, and a second glaciation, less intense than the first but still 
severe, followed by the recent or post-glacial period, repeated on 
a still larger scale in North America; while the traces of enor- 
mous glaciers in the Caucasus, Himalayas, Andes, and South 
Africa, show that the glacial period was a great geological 
phenomenon, not confined to one portion of the earth’s surface or 
to one hemisphere. 
THE OLpeEst TyPEs. 
Now the evidence is conclusive for the existence of man through- 
out the whole of this glacial period. It is very strong, as we shall 
see presently, for his existence in pre-glacial and even in tertiary 
times. But it admits of no doubt that he formed a characteristic 
feature of the quaternary fauna comprising the cave bear, the 
mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, and other extinct animals, 
which came in at the close of the pliocene period. Innumerable 
paleolithic implements, and numerous skulls and bones have 
been found in conjunction with this fauna, not only in the high 
level gravels of existing rivers when they began to excavate their 
present valleys, but in the gravels and silt of pre-glacial rivers 
and in caves securely sealed under successive sheets of stalagmite, 
when the drainage and physical geography of the districts were 
altogether different. And it is to be specially noted that these 
palzolithic remains of the oldest type are not confined to a few 
localities but have been found essentially of the same type over 
nearly the whole of the habitable globe, wherever they have been 
looked for, and the conditions are afvourablefor their preservation. 
They have been found not only all over Europe but in North and 
South America, North and South Africa, Egypt, Syria, Mesopo- 
tamia, India, Mongolia and China, and reveal a distribution of the 
human race almost as universal as in historical times. 
