14 
quaternary epoch, have been found buried in this loess. The 
celebrated Canstadt skull, which has been taken as the earliest 
type of paleolithic man, was found in this deposit. 
Tue OLtp WorLD AND THE NEw. 
To sum up the evidence as to the antiquity and origin of the 
human race afforded by the glacial period, it amounts to this. 
There is almost irresistible evidence to show that Croll’s theory 
assisting still more powerful geological causes, was a real factor in 
bringing on the first glaciation of maximum intensity, following 
it by a long inter-glacial period, and rising into a second great 
glaciation which passed into existing temperate conditions when 
the high eccentricity passed away and the earth’s orbit became 
nearly circular. But if so, it is absolutely certain that the first 
great glaciation must have occurred about 210,000 years ago ; the 
second 100,000 ; andthe modern or post-glacial period must have 
set in about 60,000 years ago, unless indeed the first maximum 
glaciation occurred 700,000 years ago at the preceding period of 
still higher eccentricity. Now the paleontological evidence of 
thousands and tens of thousands of human implements and 
remains, makes it certain that, whenever this glacial period set 
in, it found the human race not only existing as part of the 
characteristic quaternary fauna, but existing over nearly the 
whole of the habitable globe. It is an incontestible fact that 
savages, manufacturing the same type of rude stone implements, 
were then living in the Old World from Spain and Britain to 
China and Japan ; and from England and the north of France to 
the shores of the Mediterranean, Egypt, and North Africa, and 
over the African continent down almost to its southern extremity 
at the Cape of Good Hope. In like manner in the New World 
they were living, from Ohio and California down to the Pampas 
in Buenos Ayres, and the plains of Patagonia. Consider what 
this implies. In the whole of the rest of the animal creation 
the existence of similar or closely allied species implies migration. 
Where this has been impossible in later geological times, owing to 
impassable barriers of deep oceans, even in narrow channels like 
the Straits of Lombok, or lofty mountains like the Himalayas, 
we find separate zoological provinces. No competent geologist 
doubts that if the same fauna substantially ranges over the whole 
Arctogeic Continent from the Atlantic to China, it is because the 
plains and steppes of Northern Europe and Asia afforded un- 
broken facilities for migration. And if North America has many 
species common to those, it is considered a proof that somewhere 
in the Tertiary ages there was a land connection with the Old - 
World. 
ScreNcE AND MrracuLous CREATIONS. 
On the other hand, countries like Australia and New Zealand 
have no representatives of the mammalian fauna of other regions, 
