15 
because they have remained inaccessible to migration owing to 
deep ocean seas and channels of great geological antiquity. Now 
this which applies to the larger mammals must apply to man, 
unless we postulate separate miraculous creations,which hypothesis, 
as in the case of the animal and vegetable life, breaks down under 
the innumerable miracles which it requires. Thus in the case of 
one typical race only, the black, we require one ancestor for the 
dolicocephalic Negro with his frizzy and tufty hair, athletic frame 
and prognathous jaw ; another for the brachycophalic and pigmy 
Negritos of the Adamans and Indian Archipelago ; another for 
the Australians and savages of Van Dieman’s Land ; another for 
the Hottentots and Bushmen, and so on for a number of different 
specific varieties. But if we assume the law of evolution and 
migration from one or a very few original centres of development 
to be true for man, as it unquestionably is for other mammals, 
what a long previous existence is required by the fact that 
palxolithic savages were chipping the same sort of stone imple- 
ments at the same time in France and England, and in China, 
India, Egypt, and South Africa, and were spread in the New 
World from California to Patagonia. They could only havemoved 
under the pressure of population on food, across plains and 
prairies, and along rivers and sea coasts ; and in passing between 
the temperate regions of the two hemispheres they must have 
traversed tropical regions where they could only have lived by a 
slow period of acclimatization. If there is one fact more certain 
than another it seems to be, that the widespread existence of 
palzolithic man, when we meet with his first traces early in the 
quaternary or glacial period, implies of necessity a long previous 
existence in tertiary times. And the direct evidence for this is 
fast accumulating. 
A Notaste ILLUSTRATION. 
In my “Problems of the Future,’ I have summed it up and 
shown that there are at least ten cases in which traces of tertiary 
men have been vouched for by competent geologists, and in which 
no doubt could have been entertained if they had been found in 
any quaternary strata. Time does not permit me to enter on the 
details of these cases, but I may refer briefly to one or two which 
seem to afford conclusive proof that man existed before the 
quaternary period. I take that of cut bones, for here there can 
be no question as to the tertiary nature of the bones in which the 
incisions appear. The balenotus is a well known pliocene fossil 
of an extinct species of whale. Specimens of its bones, with well- 
marked cuts, apparently similar to the cuts undoubtedly made by 
flint knives on bones of the mammoth and reindeer from caves of 
the glacial period, have been found in pliocene strata by well 
known geologists. They have been submitted to the scrutiny of 
the highest authorities in Paris, such as Quatrefages, Hamy, and 
