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only about 1,500lbs. of it are sent to England, and that is 
adulterated. The best santal oil supplying the European and 
English markets is distilled in Germany and in London. 
The bulk of the oil of Cedar of commerce is economically 
produced by distilling the saw-dust and waste wood of the lead 
pencil factories. In some factories in Germany this refuse 
accumulates to such an extent that it is sold at a very low price to 
get rid of it,as it would otherwise be used only as fuel. This woodis 
called “red cedar ”’ or pencil cedar,” and is yielded by a Virginian 
Juniper, native of the greater part of the United States. It is 
quite distinct species from the West Indian Cedars from which 
cigar boxes are made and from the well-known Cedar of Lebanon. 
Other trees supplying products of immense commercial value 
are known collectively as the Citrus tribe, and yield the “ Citrine ” 
odours; such are the Lemon, Orange, Citron, Lime, and 
Bergamot ; there being many varieties of each species flourishing 
in most tropical and sub-tropical countries,but the industry in the 
essential oils derived from them is principally centered in Italy, 
especially in the districts of Palermo, Messina and Genoa in the 
northern part of that country and in Calabria in the southern part. 
All members of the orange tribe yield distinct products from 
the flower, the leaf and the fruit. The Bergamot orange is the 
fruit of the Citrus Bergamia, much cultivated at Reggio and the 
adjacent villages on low-lying lands near the sea. The oil is 
extracted from the fully developed but unripe fruit, gathered in 
the months of November and December whilst still more or less 
green, 
Of the few perfumes derived from the animal kingdom, the 
most important is Musk. This substance is secreted in a part of 
the body of a small deer inhabiting the Atlas and Himalayan 
mountains at elevations between 8,000 and 14,000 feet. This 
secretion is obtained only from the maleanimal. When fresh, 
it is in the state of a soft, salve-like, reddish-brown mass; by 
keeping, it dries, becomes blackish-brown, and assumes the form 
of little rounded grains. It is extensively adulterated by the 
Chinese, who are great adepts in the art of adulteration. The 
Peeps adulterants are dried blood, earth, and very small pieces 
oflead. 
Another substance somewhat analogous to musk is Civet. 
This is secreted by two animals of the genus Viverra (V. zibetha 
and V. civetta), one a native of Asia, the other of Africa. 
Nearly akin to musk in perfume, is the costly substance 
known as Ambergris. This is a biliary concretion of the 
