BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 9 
Some can cause more or less inflamation by means of urti- 
cating or stinging hairs or spines, but none are really 
poisonous. Many caterpillars are brilliantly colored, or are 
ornamented with bright, longitudinal or vertical stripes, or 
with spots of various shapes and colors. Most are terres- 
trial, none really aquatic, and but few consume animal 
food. They grow by throwing off their old skins from three 
to five times, a process that is called moulting. This pro- 
cess is a very interesting one, as may be seen by studying 
the illustration in Fig. 12, commencing at a. 
As soon as the larva, worm or caterpillar has reached 
its full size, it transforms to a pupa or chrysalis, which 1s 
unable to move or to eat, lacking in this form both legs and 
mouth. It appears to be dormant, but in reality is quite 
active, as all the organs simply foreshadowed in larva or 
pupa have to be changed into the very different organs found 
inthe imago. In other words the biting mouth of the larva 
has to be changed into the sucking mouth of the moth; the 
small and simple eyes or ocelli have to be transformed into 
compound eyes; the small legs are made longer, and the ex- 
ternal organs and wings are produced during this apparent 
rest. The internal organs are also very greatly altered; the 
large stomach of the caterpillar is reduced to almost noth- 
jng, and in its place appear the reproductive organs, as 
eggs, etc. There are many different kinds of pupz, some of 
which are shown in Fig. 13, and those familiar with the 
study of lepidoptera can tell at a glance to what families 
ae a 
he gue 
Fig. 13.—Pupa of butterfly, hawk-moth and owlet-moth. 
