262 TINEIDS. 
the same color opposite, extending to the front margin, and 
a dark brown spot near the tip. 
As this insect appears sometimes in very large numbers, 
coating the twigs with glistening white cocoons, it can be- 
come injurious, but as the very conspicuous cocoons can be 
seen very plainly during late autumn, winter and early 
spring there is ample opportunity to destroy them. Any 
oily or alkaline liquid brushed over them will soak into the 
cocoons and destroy the hibernating insects. Sometimes 
the great majority of these insects are destroyed by a very 
minute hymenopterous parasite, as is shown by the small 
round holes at one end of the cocoons through which our 
tiny friends have escaped. The insect is shown in Fig. 235. 
THE APPLE-LEAF MINER. 
(Tischeria malifoliella Clem. ). 
This common insect lives as a larva within the leaf of 
the apple, in a mine made bet ween the upper and lowerskin, 
where it eats the soft tissues. The mine commences as a 
slender white line, broadening as the larva grows larger, 
and at last becoming an irregular brownish-patch, which 
extends sometimes to or over the starting point. The in- 
habitant of this mine is a pale-green caterpillar with a 
brown head and first segment. When full grown it draws 
the leaf into a fold, and in this enclosure, which is nicely car- 
peted with silk, it changes toa pupa. As this change takes 
place in autumn the snugly enclosed insects drop with the 
dead leaves, and remain in them until the following May, 
when they give forth the moths. This isa very minute being, 
measuring not much more than a quarter of an inch aeross 
the expanded wings. The fore-wings are of a shining dark 
brown, suffused with a tinge of purple, and slightly dusted 
with dull yellowish atoms; the hind wings are gray, 
Besides the common apple this caterpillar mines in the 
