118 TURxir. 



am informed that the loss in acreage amongst the Turnips is about 

 one-sixth of the land sown (one-sixtli of about eight acres). 



(2). " Soot, and also superphosphate, have been used apparently 

 with good effect. 



(3). " All the early-sown Turnips attacked by these caterpillars 

 have been undoubtedly much benefited by sudden and heavy rains. 

 In one field I examined at Thornham, in which the attack was bad, 

 scarcely a living caterpillar could be found after two days' heavy rains. 

 They were very abundant there previous to the rain. N.B. — The east 

 sides of fields were far more attacked than other parts. 



(4). " At Thornham the soil is fairly good, bright and light, with 

 chalk about two feet below the surface. Land ploughed about three 

 inches — difficult to plough deeper there ; no manure used. 



(5). " Weather decidedly fine and dry last autumn. Lateness o^ 

 harvest caused difficulty in cleaning the land. Land not particularly 

 weedy at Thornham. 



(6). " The caterpillar of P. crudferarum certainly does frequent 

 Charlock here, I think, more so than any other weed, although Hedge 

 Mustard {SisywhriuiD njfirinale) is much patronised by it, and Shepherd's 

 Parse (Cajjsella bursa-pastoris) is also used as a pabulum by the larva. 

 I found the moth very abundant recently on a weedy strip of a field near 

 Lynn in which Charlock was undoubtedly the commonest Cruciferous 

 weed, and showed signs of attention from these larvse. 



(7). " Cannot say that I observed any actually at work devouring 

 these larvEB." — E. A. A. 



Horsey, Gt. Yarmouth, E. Norfolk, July 15th. From Mr. C. C. 

 Rising. — "I enclose you herewith some Turnip leaves with small 

 green caterpillars; these attack the leaves from the under side, and take 

 off nearly all the crop." The leaves were much injured both through 

 the leaf, and also so as to leave the skin of the upper side of the leaf 

 remaining, thus giving the muslin-like appearance often characteristic 

 of this attack, which is noted, as is also the beneficial action of heavy 

 rain, in a later communication from Mr. Rising, sent on July 21st : — 



" Many of the caterpillars were sent, but evidently made their way 

 out. I will send some more, and would have done so to-day, but the 

 rain and thunder storms are so incessant that it is not easy to collect 

 them. They are a small bright green coloured insect, very active, and 

 appear on the under side of the leaf only, and the leaves, where they 

 have been, present the appearance of fine muslin. 



*' My tenant brought me the leaves sent in a great state of anxiety, 

 but as he told me he has sown superphosphate and ashes, and the 

 plants were or had been growing fast, I advised him to leave them, as 

 the insects seemed to me to adhere so slightly that I thought a heavy 

 rain would clear off most of them ; the past rains have done so, and 



