By Harold Brakspcar, F.S.A. 569 



The Warming-House. 



The first building on the side of the cloister opposite to the 

 church was the warming-house {calefadorium), so called from 

 having a fire kept burning for the religious to come and warm 

 themselves at in winter. It usually had a fireplace in its west 

 wall, though at Fountains were two vast fireplaces on the east side, 

 and at Tintern was one in the middle of the room, which also seems to 

 have been the arrangement at Clairvaulx. At Stanley not a vestige 

 remained of walls or fireplaces. In the middle of its area was 

 found a small length of drain, leading from the direction of the 

 cloister, probably to take the waste water from the lavatory. 



The lavatory in English Cistercian houses was invariably recessed 

 in the cloister walP on one or both sides of the frater door, and 

 above the basin, or rather sink, was arranged a row of taps for 

 the monks to wash their hands under before meals. 



The Frater. 



The refectorium, or frater, which is the building enumerated 

 next after the calefadorium in the direction for tbe Sunday pro- 

 cession, was the dining-hall of the monks. Although at first the 

 Cistercian frater seems to have stood east and west, parallel with 

 the church, as in Benedictine, Cluniac, and Canons' houses, it be- 

 came the practice about the middle of the twelfth century, for 

 some reason at present unknown, to place it north and south, with 

 the warming-house on the east, and the kitchen on the west, and 

 with only its end against the cloister. 



At Stanley, of course, the frater followed the later arrangement 

 and was 110 feet long by about 30 feet wide. A small portion of 

 the foundation of the east wall was found, as well as the 

 lower part of the northern of the two buttresses at the north-east 

 angle, the rest of the walls being marked by sinkings in the ground. 



' Abroad the lavatory was often within a round or octagonal building 



projecting into the cloister, similar to those which have been found at the 



Cluniac houses of Lewes and Wenlock, and the Benedictine house of Durham. 



There is, however a Cistercian lavatory in this position at Mellifont, in 



• Ireland. 



