384 By Rev. H. J. DuUnfield Astley, M.A., Litt. D., &c. 



Lastly, there is the porticus, which again is no criterion of date 

 taken by itself ; for we find it at St. Pancras, Canterbury ; it is 

 mentioned by Bede ; and the word is used indifferently for " porch " 

 and " aisle," e.g., Dunstan is said by William of Malmesbury to 

 have added " alae vel porticus " to the Church at Glastonbury, and 

 there it is evidently " aisles." ^ 



When, therefore, we examine Bradford and other Churches of 

 the period to which we have assigned it, we find that it possesses 

 features which those Churches that belong to Class A have not, 

 and that it has not what those have. The Church which corresponds 

 most closely with Bradford in the matter of the arcading, though 

 this is external, and that is internal, is undoubtedly Dunham 

 Magna, in Norfolk, where the internal arcading shows a remarkable 

 likeness to the external arcading on the chancel at Bradford, but it 

 is more elaborate and comparatively later. There is a "pilaster-strip" 



* It may here be observed that Anglo-Saxon architecture derives from two 

 main sources, viz. :— (a) Roman, (b) Celtic. 



(a) " Roman " does not necessarily mean Italian, but may be derived from 

 Gaul, Spain, and Africa. From t/iis source are derived the " baluster " 

 shafts, viz., those having the appearance of being " turned in a lathe." Cf. 

 Chollerton and Jarrow. — Op. cit., p. 9. 



(b) To the Celtic influence must be ascribed the sloping doors and jambs. 

 — Glendalough is the original of these features at Escomb and Brlgstock. 



The influence of timber-work is discussed, Op. cit., pp. 36 to 42, and the 

 author's conclusion is : — "On the whole, then, we must negative the hypothesis 

 that either Danish or earlier Saxon timber technique supplied models for 

 Saxon stone architecture." 



The influence of Austrasia (i.e., Germany) was predominant, although 

 Alcuin settled at Tours, the capital of Neustria, as Boniface did at Metz, and 

 "Willibrod at Aachen, and was political as well as religious. — Op. cit., p. 46; 

 this is shown first, inter alia, by the fact that whereas Benedict Biscop, 680, 

 sent for workers in glass to Gaul, Cuthbert of Jarrow, in 790, sent for experts 

 to his countryman, Lul, at Mainz on Rhine. — Op. cit., p. 45; next, by the 

 predominance in buildings of Class c of Herring-bone zvork : of the addition 

 of Western towers : " Save in England alone, we do not find this treatment 

 of western ends in vogue in any of the other districts of Romanesque archi- 

 tecture " ; of Pilaster-strips (Lisenen) and loyig -and -short quoins, though 

 this latter is native; of double openings with midwall shafts, as at Trier; of 

 double-splayed windows, as also at Trier. " In this double-splayed window 

 we can see another peculiarity of the Eastern province, for Norman archi- 

 tecture is innocent of it." But it survived into Norman work in East Anglia. 

 —Op. cit., pp. 67 and 331. 



