184 



Besides this, none of the walls of Stations from Cirencestei- 

 to Chester inclusive (Gloucester, Kenchester, and Wroxeter 

 between) have any brick or tile in their construction. 



On the other hand, if we take London Wall, we find it had 

 both; and a very able and careful writer, who reported an 

 exanaination of it in the appendix to a volume of Leland's 

 Itinerary, considers this wall to be of the Constantine period. 

 I have no doubt he is right ; and that the presence of brick and 

 of tile courses in Britain {not necessarily on the Continent) will 

 be found pretty sure indications of later Eoman work than 

 where these marks are absent.* The Romans found neither 

 brick nor tile here when they invaded the country ; and we can 

 hardly suppose they would waste their time in making new 

 bricks merely to pound them up. On the other hand, after an 

 occupation of a century or two had given them old materials, 

 nothing is more natural than that they should use them to 

 improve their mortar or concrete, especially where sand and 

 gravel were scarce.* 



For these reasons among many, I believe the wall of Glou- 

 cester to go back to a period a.t least as old as Hadrian's. The 

 very presence of ware of the second century, (as it is decided to 

 be by an expert of the British Museum,) lying in contact with 

 the wall, confirms this ; for the wall must have been built 

 before rubbish could be thrown against it. 



Let us now turn for a moment to the state of Britain, 

 and Hadrian's object in building the wall from the Tyne to the 

 Solway, and placing upon it such a formidable standing army. 



At the conquest, under Claudius, we find that the people of 

 the Cotteswold Hills (the Boduni) were among the earliest to 

 acknowledge the Roman authority ; while the 8ilures, or South 

 Welsh borderers, remained exceedingly troublesome. The camps 

 along the Cotteswold Hills, (which are among those mapped in 

 the present number of the Transactions, by George F. Platne,) 

 with Gloucester, were intended to keep them beyond the Severn, 

 which was unquestionably fixed upon by the Romans as the 



* Silcliester (the Eoman Calleva) lias walls of herring-bone, bonded 

 with courses of tile. The city is not rectangular. 



