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The evidences of the changes of level both at the Mokattan 
‘Hill and at Gizeh is afforded in the former locality by terraces 
500 ft. and 200 ft. above sea level. Former sea beaches with 
pleistocene shells, borings of lithodomous mollusks, oysters 
adherent to the old sea cliff and other recent shells in its 
crevices. 
At Gizeh plateau there are not only numerous oyster 
shells but a very marked old sea beach with large stones. 
These facts (which are confirmed by M. Lartet, Dr Fraas, 
Dr Schweinfurth, Sir John Dawson, and other eminent 
geologists) prove that in the Pleistocene age all this part 
of Africa was submerged to a depth of more than 200 feet, 
and this for a long time, while the higher terrace shows a 
submergence to the extent of at least 500 feet. 
We now proceed to Alexandria Harbour and get on board 
a Turkish steamer, the “Romania,” at 11 a.m., on the 16th 
April, 1891, proceeding to Jaffa. This harbour is silting up 
and kept open only by constant dredging, but outside we are 
soon in 50 and 100 fathoms water, which increases in depth to 
upwards of 600 fathoms not many miles off Jaffa. The depth 
of the Mediterranean between Alexandria and Crete is very 
great, for a considerable extent it ranges from 1600 to 
1800 fathoms. The vessel was fairly comfortable, with a 
respectable-looking old Turkish Captain, who sat at the head of 
the table at lunch and dinner, drank his wine, looked smiling 
and agreeable, and spoke the best English he could. On the 
fore part of the deck were numerous parties of pilgrims from 
almost every country in Europe: Greece, Italy, Germany, 
Russia, France, &c., proceeding on pilgrimages to Jerusalem at 
the approaching Easter, kept some three or four weeks later 
than ours. Greek and Latin, Arminian and Coptic Church 
Christians were there, Jews from all parts going to keep 
their Passover at Jerusalem. I have no doubt Mohammedans 
also from many countries, for next to that of Mecca and 
Medina the pilgrimage to Jerusalem is most esteemed by 
Mohammedan devotees. These pilgrims were of varied classes, 
ages and sex, men and women, families with young children, 
