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As to the Watercourses in Palestine, the Leontes rising 
from the Anti-Lebanon Range, flows into the Mediterranean 
Sea 4 miles north of Tyre. There are 12 perennial streams, of 
which 8 flow into the Mediterranean and 4 to the Jordan. The 
principal affluents of the Jordan are the Jalid and Farah from 
the west, and the Jermuk and Jabbok from the east. Besides 
these two main streams the Calirrhde and the Arnon from the 
east flow into the Dead Sea which also receives the drainage 
of Wady el Jeib from the south and of several Wadies 
from the west. : 
We come now to the Geological Section attached hereto, 
the levels on which are taken from the Ordnance Survey of 
Palestine, on a scale of 6 miles to the inch _ horizontal, 
and 2000 feet to the inch vertical. Commencing from 
the deep water of the Mediterranean Sea off Jaffa, we have, 
according to Dr Hull, the strata thereon called by him 
Calc Sandstone of Philistia, dipping to the west to form 
the sea-bed, resting thereon are the raised sea beaches, or 
maritime beds, as shewn on Sections given by Sir John W. 
Dawson and Mr Hudleston, admitted by all as Pleistocene 
Beds, and it becomes immaterial whether the so-called 
Cale Sandstone is of earlier origin and distinct, or should 
be treated with the overlying pleistocene formations or not. 
Dr Hull’s authority is so great that I have prepared the section 
in accordance with his views where it cuts into the Mediter- 
ranean. He says :— 
“At Jaffa the raised sea-bed stretches far inland from 
Jaffa, and may be traced along the Jerusalem road to beyond 
Ramleh, at Jaffa the shell sands rest on the more ancient sand 
stone, which forms the foundation of the city, and supplies the 
copious springs necessary for the extensive orange and lemon 
groves there; further inland about Ramleh, this fine gravel 
and sand gives place to beds of calcareous conglomerate 
formed of lime, stone pebbles of all sizes and well water worn. 
This is undoubtedly an ancient sea beach, which appears to 
rise to a level of considerably over two hundred feet, formed at 
a time when the waters of the sea extended over twelve miles 
inland beyond their present limits.” 
