By 
hills commences with ascents and descents that appear to have 
no ending. The description given by Dr Fraas is so graphic 
that it deserves quotation: “‘ Chalk marls, hard white limestone, 
“and beds of dolomite alternate with each other and form 
“creat steps on the mountain sides, such as I have nowhere 
‘else seen in equal beauty. The edges of the beds, three to 
“ten feet thick, stand out like artificial walls, enclosing the 
“hills. Olive trees and shrubbery overhang these natural 
‘‘ramparts, while the softer layers form slopes covered with 
“oreen herbage, which is still richer in the moist hollows.” 
The ascent to these hills is usually through narrow valleys on 
the sides of which here and there are beds filled with char- 
acteristic cretaceous fossils. In the section, see page 328, I 
have followed Sir J. W. Dawson and Mr Hudleston in showing 
no line of demarcation between the cretaceous and nummulitic 
series.* The summit before reaching Jerusalem is somewhat 
under 3000 feet. ‘To the south it obtains, near Hebron, 3300 
feet. The nummulitic limestone is well defined at the top of 
Mount Gerizim, which I visited after leaving Jerusalem, where 
I stayed for nine days. At the junction of the upper beds of 
the cretaceous with the lower beds of the nummulitic lime- 
stone there is a large aggregation of flint in the rock, which is 
particularly marked at Gerizim.* Sections of both rocks are 
found at Carmel, near where the range terminates at the sea 
and the road approaching the convent and lighthouse there. 
The section shows the dip of the strata towards the east in the 
direction of the Dead Sea on one side and towards the Medit- 
erranean on the west of the anticlinal under Jerusalem. 
I produce specimens of stones from the cretaceous forma- 
tions on which Jerusalem stands, their local names being :— 
1. Gaklile (soft stone) 
2. Nahre (means fireproof, will not calcinate—this is 
under Golgotha.) 
*Mr Hudleston remarks: “that these two formations being so closely 
“‘connected by physical if not by biological ties, it is exceedingly difficult to 
“‘separate them.” 
