232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COTTESWOLD CLUB 



of the Geological Survey of Great Britain," he discusses 

 the origin and effect of the upheaval of the Malverns, and 

 says: — "This upheaval appears to have been violent; 

 "hence the abrupt truncation of the eastern face against 

 " the New Red Sandstone plain, the striation and furrowing 

 " of that face, the brecciated structures along it, and the 

 " numerous lesser faults and cracks which traverse and 

 " split the rocks in points adjacent to the surface of 

 " greatest displacement. The vertical amount of this 

 " displacement on the eastern boundary of the Malvern 

 " chain cannot be less than some thousands of feet ; and 

 " to the various slidings of the broken masses of rock on 

 " one another we may perhaps ascribe in part the short 

 " pseudo-stratifications of the syenite, the glazing of many 

 " surfaces with abraded hornblende, and possibly some of 

 " the rude laminations which appear in the hills." And 

 summing up the matter he adds : — " Upon the whole 

 " there is no evidence in the nature and structure of the 

 " Malvern rocks to justify the notion which the linear 

 " character of the hill suggests, that they are to be 

 " regarded as compounds crystallized by cooling from a 

 " mass erupted in fusion along a particular fissure. On 

 " the contrary, it is concluded that they are a mass of 

 " varied and mingled rocks, in most of which an igneous 

 " metamorphosis can be detected, and that they were solidi- 

 "fied at some considerable depth in the sea, and thence 

 " raised up along a great line of fracture passing through 

 " them on the eastern side. With them were raised vast 

 " piles of strata (palceozoic) which had been deposited 

 " above and around them, and at a later time other strata 

 " (mesozoic) were laid against their broken edges." 



This "Memoir" was published in 1848. Subsequently 

 a school of geologists arose who disagreed with Professor 

 PhiUips. Much that he attributed to igneous origin, they 

 claimed to be the result of metamorphism, i.e., the fusion 

 of sedimentary rocks through which the admittedly igneous 



