102 PROC. COTTESWOLD CLUB VOL. xill. (2) 



become almost permanent, even in locomotion. And it 

 must have been an attitude very extensivel}' adopted 

 among the Saurian-like ancestors of Birds, thus having 

 been an important factor in Bird evolution. 



Darwin was inclined to think that the sitting-down 

 attitude had been largely responsible for the abortion of 

 the tail in Man and the higher apes. This hardly seems 

 to meet the case, considered together with instances of 

 tail-diminution, amounting almost to tail-abortion, in other 

 animals. Increased use of the hind limbs for locomotion 

 might favour tail-reduction on a principle of economy. 

 And there is another point to be considered — does disuse 

 following excessive use cause the rapid diminution of an 

 organ ? That is to say, the arboreal ancestors of Man and 

 the higher Apes made excessive use of the tail; and 

 then Man and these Apes in abandoning, more or less, 

 the arboreal life, give up use of the tail, and make more 

 use of the hind limbs. Did the former excessive use of 

 the tail hasten its later deterioration when disused ? 



III. Expression of the Emotions 



This is so large a subject that it can only be treated 

 very shortly within the limits of the present paper. It 

 may be divided into two parts — (a) Expressions of 

 Pleasure, (b) Expressions of Pain ; and under these 

 headings the different expressions will be considered. 

 It is, perhaps, necessary to take this opportunity to 

 announce my complete dissatisfaction with the principle of 

 antithesis in regard to expressions set forth by Darwin in 

 his standard work on the subject, " The Expression of 

 the Emotions ; " the reason for such dissatisfaction may 

 perhaps be gathered from what is stated presently. Space 

 does not permit a full discussion. 



