I06 PROC. COTTESWOLD CLUB vol. xiii. (2) 



directly an injury is received and the consequent pain felt, 

 the muscular action started is that connected with inflict- 

 ing injury in return. Such muscular action then becomes 

 expressive of pain felt, even when there is no ability for 

 retaliation. In the child crying, in fig. 10, the first thing 

 to notice is the open mouth peculiarly squared. It may 

 be seen that the hp of the lower jaw is particularly drawn 

 down at both corners. The reason is that the pre-human 

 ancestors were accustomed to fight with their canine teeth. 

 The child has not cut its canine teeth yet ; but that matters 

 not. It has inherited the idea of exposing the canine 

 teeth — the mere coming through the gums is not of im- 

 portance in such a relic. 



In fig. II is a cat made angry, and "swearing." The 

 action is exactly the same as the child's — its one idea is 

 to show the canine teeth, to indicate that it can and will 

 fight. 



It may be noticed, too, that the child, fig. 10, has the 

 eyes tightly closed, and the cat, fig. 11, has the eyes nearly 

 shut. The cat shows the reason of the child's expression 

 — it is to keep the eyes protected as much as possible 

 when the foe strikes back. 



The cat's ears, in fig. 11, are turned back out of harm's 

 way, as much as possible, for the same reason. 



In fig. 12 is a cat afraid of receiving a blow — taken, in 

 fact, just as a person was pretending to strike at her with 

 the hand. The attitude is instructive — the crouching, the 

 turning away of the ears, the closing of the eyes — all to 

 avoid injury as much as possible ; and the paw is ready to 

 strike back. 



Now this habit of closing the eyes when injury is ex- 

 pected, and therefore as a symptom of pain, has in time 

 become an habitual act to be performed when anything in 

 the least suggestive of pain — such as mere mental diffi- 

 culty — is experienced. Fig. 6 shows the partial closing of 



