364 Ilciiry L. Bruner, The Smooth Facial Muscles of Anura and Salamandrina. 



Contents. 



rage 



Introduction 317 



I. The respiratory mechanism of amphibians with lungs 318 



" II. The mechanism for closing the external nares in Salamandrina ... 319 



1. General anatomy 319 



2. The nasal muscles 321 



3. The nasal muscles and the glandula nasalis externa 325 



4. Development of the nasal muscles and the glandula nasalis externa 328 



III. The closing of the mouth and external nares in Anura 330 



1. The mechanism for closing the mouth in Rana 331 



a) The structure of the jaws 331 



b) Description of a new muscle in the upper lip 332 



c) Function of the various parts of the mechanism 333 



2. The mechanism for closing and opening the external nares in Eana 337 



a) General anatomy of the region adjoining the external nares . . 337 



b) Description of new nasal muscles 340 



c) The intermaxillary apparatus employed in closing and opening 



the external nares 342 



d) Function of the various parts concerned in the opening and 

 closing of the external nares 343 



3. Homology of the nasal muscle of Rana 348 



a) The nasal muscles of Rana and Triton 349 



b) The muscles of the older authors 350 



4. The nasal muscles in other species of Anura 353 



5. The development of the nasal muscles and of the glandula nasalis 

 externa in Eana fusca 354 



IV. General remarks and conclusions 354 



Literature 358 



Explanation of Terms used in the Figures 360 



Description of Figures 36J 



