- PINE-GROSBEAK. 41 
LOXIA ENUCLEATOR. 
PINE-GROSBEAK. 
(Pirate 12.) 
Coccothraustes canadensis, Briss. Orn. iii, p. 250, pl. xii. fig. 3 (1760), 
Loxia enucleator, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 299 (1766) ; et auctorum plurimorum— 
Gmelin, (Bonaparte), (Temminck), (Degland § Gerbe), (Salvadorr), (Newton), 
(Dresser), &e. 
Loxia flamengo, Sparrm. Mus. Carls. no. 17 (1786). 
Pinicola rubra, Vietll, Ors. d’Am. Sept. i. p. iv (1807). 
Fringilla enucleator (Linn.), Meyer, Vog. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 74 (1815). 
Strobiliphaga enucleator (Linn.), Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. ix. p. 609 (1817). 
Corythus enucleator (Linn.), Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 391 (1817). 
Pyrrhula enucleator (Zinn.), Temm. Man. d’Orn. i. p. 333 (1820). 
Loxia psittacea, Pall, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 5 (1826). 
Corythus enucleator (Linn.), Fleming, Brit. An. p. 76 (1828). 
Corythus angustirostris, Brehm, Vog. Deutschi. p. 247 (1831). 
Pinicola enucleator (Linn.), Cab. Ersch. § Grub. Encycl. 1. p. 279 (1849), 
Pinicola americana, Cab. fide Bonap. Consp. i. p. 528 (1850). 
Pinicola canadensis (Sriss.), Cab. Mus. Hein, i. p. 167 (1851). 
The Pine-Grosbeak is a very rare winter visitor to the British Islands, 
which lie beyond its usual winter range. It is one of those gipsy mi- 
grants which flock together in winter and lead a roving life, not going 
further from their breeding-grounds than the severity of the season com- 
pels them to wander in search of food. Their range of migration is conse- 
quently very irregular; and in very hard winters they cross the sea into 
Denmark, and occasionally wander as far as Heligoland and the shores of 
Britain. There is no satisfactory evidence of the occurrence of the Pine- 
Grosbeak in Scotland or Ireland; and of the five occurrences in England 
three of them, all females, were on the east coast—one near Newcastle in 
1831, one near Yarmouth in 1845, and one near London at a still earlier 
date. In 1845 a male was shot near Rochdale, and in 1854 a second male 
near Exeter. Details of these captures, as well as of many other alleged 
occurrences of this species, may be found in the ‘Zoologist’ for 1877, 
p. 242. 
The Pine-Grosbeak is a cireumpolar bird, breeding in the forests at or 
near the Arctic circle. It is common in Norwegian Lapland, Archangel, 
and the valleys of the Petchora and the Yenesay; Dybowsky obtained 
it in Kamtschatka in November, and also says that it breeds in the 
pine-regions of the mountains near Lake Baikal. On the American 
continent it is found from Alaska in the west to Labrador in the east, and 
