TREE-SPARROW. _ 69 
PASSER MONTANUS. 
TREE-SPARROW. 
(Puate 13.) 
Passer montanus, Briss, Orn. iii. p. 79 (1760); et auctorum plurimorum— 
(Gmelin), (Scopoli), (Latham), (Temminck), Degland § Gerbe, (Naumann), 
Salvadori, Newton, Dresser, &c. 
Passer campestris, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 82 (1760). 
Pyrrhula pyrrhula hamburgensis, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 314 (1760). 
Fringilla montana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 824 (1766), 
Loxia hamburgia, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 854 (1788), 
Fringilla campestris (Briss.), Schrank, Fauna Boica, i. p. 181 (1798-1803). 
Pyrgita montana (Briss.), Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 385 (1817). 
Passer montanina, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 30 (1826), 
Pyrgita campestris (Briss.), Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 267 (1881). 
Passer arboreus, Blyth, Renn. Field Nat. i. p. 467 (1833), 
The Tree-Sparrow is a much rarer bird than the House-Sparrow, and 
its distribution is more local. Even in those districts where it is the most 
common it appears to keep to certain localities. It is commonest during 
the breeding-season in the central and eastern counties of England, but is 
found as far north as Northumberland. It appears not to have been found 
breeding in Wales; but in Scotland, according to Mr. Gray, it is com- 
moner than is generally supposed. He states that its chief stronghold is 
in East Lothian. Its breeding-places in Scotland, according to Professor 
Newton, are in Berwick, Haddington, possibly Clackmannan, Aberdeen, 
Perth, Elgin, and Sutherland. In the west of Scotland it is very rare; 
and Mr. Gray states that it cannot with certainty be included in the list 
of regular migrants. In Ireland this species was unknown until Mr. H. 
Blake-Knox recorded, in the ‘ Zoologist’ (1870, p. 2018), the fact that it 
had been obtained in co. Dublin at Dalkey and Baldoyle, where it is 
believed to be a resident, but scarce. It does not appear to have ever 
been obtained in the Orkneys or Shetland. <A few pairs visited the Faroes 
about the year 1869, where, according to Capt. Feilden, they have multi- 
plied so quickly as to become a pest. 
The Tree-Sparrow is common, though somewhat local, throughout the 
Palearctic Region from the Atlantic to the Pacific up to and, in Europe, 
slightly beyond the Arctic circle. It appears to be very rare in North 
Africa, and to be absent altogether from Greece, Asia Minor, Pales- 
tine, Central and Southern Persia, Baluchistan, and India south of the 
Himalayas ; it is, however, abundant in Turkestan, Afghanistan, and the 
Himalayas, and is found in suitable localities throughout the rest of Eastern 
Asia, including Japan, Formosa, Hainan, and Java. The Tree-Sparrow 
