TWITE. 111 
FRINGILLA FLAVIROSTRIS. 
TWITE. 
(Pirate 13.) 
Passer linaria montana, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 145 (1760). 
Fringilla flavirostris, Zinn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 322 (1766); et auctorum plurimorum— 
Latham, Pallas, (Bonaparte), (Degland § Gerbe), (Gray), (Salvadori), (Gould), 
(Dresser), (Newton), &c. 
Fringilla montium, G'mel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 917 (1788). 
Linaria montium (G'mel.), Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. Sc. Brit. Mus. p. 15 (1816). 
Cannabina montium (G'mel.), Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 278 (1831). 
Cannabina flavirostris,(Zinn.), Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 278 (1831). 
Linaria flavirostris (Zinn.), Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 379 (1837). 
Linota montium (Gmel.), Bonap. Comp. List B. Eur. § N. Amer. p. 34 (1888). 
Acanthis montium (Gmmel.), Blyth, fide Bonap. Consp. i. p. 540 (1850). 
Linota flavirostris (Zinn.), Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 172. 
So far as is known, the Twite was first described from specimens 
obtained in the neighbourhood of Sheffield by Francis Jessop, F.R.S., the 
discoverer also of the Garden- Warbler and the Wood-Wren. Rather more 
than two centuries ago this ornithologist resided on his ancestral estate of 
Broom Hall, just outside the dirty village down in the hollow, where a 
thriving business in the manufacture of knives and other kinds of 
cutlery had been carried on for three centuries or more. Jessop dis- 
covered the Twite in the Peak of Derbyshire, though he need not have 
gone so far; for even at the present time this bird breeds within three 
miles of his old hall. He communicated the discovery of this bird to his 
friend Willughby, who described it under the name of the Mountain- 
Linnet, Linaria montana, in his ‘ Ornithologia,’ a work which appeared 
after his death, in 1676, under the able editorship of John Ray. Since 
then it has been ascertained to breed in most parts of the British Islands, 
wherever uncultivated bits of heathy land or Grouse-moors are to be 
found. It breeds in all suitable localities in Ireland, but in the cultivated 
districts of that country as well as of Scotland and England it is almost 
exclusively known as a winter visitor. It is especially common on the 
islands off the coast of Scotland, the Hebrides, the Orkneys, and the Shet- 
lands, but it has not been recorded from the Faroes. 
Fewer British species have a more restricted range than the Twite. 
Outside the British Islands it is only known to breed in the alpine and 
subalpine districts of Norway, principally on the islands and near the 
coast. In winter it has been met with sparingly in most parts of Europe 
south of the Baltic and west of Russia. In the Hast it is replaced by a 
