220 BRITISH BIRDS. 
Newton and Dresser regard them as one species ; but in autumn plumage 
the two birds are very distinct. The eastern form, A. maculatus, has the 
general colour of the upper parts very much greener, and the dark centres 
of the feathers of the back are almost obsolete. In spring plumage they 
resemble each other very closely, and in summer much more so—a fact which 
has given rise to much confusion between them. It is not known that 
any intermediate forms occur. 
The Tree-Pipit breeds in Northern and Central Europe, and in Western 
Siberia as far east as Krasnoyarsk. In Norway it extends as far north as 
lat. 69°, in the valley of the Petchora to about lat. 65°, and in the Ural 
Mountains and the valley of the Yenesay to lat. 62°. South of these 
limits it is a summer visitor throughout Hurope north of the Pyrenees and 
the Balkans, and eastwards throughout Turkestan as far as the Altai 
Mountains. In Spain, Portugal, and Italy it is principally known as a 
winter visitor, but a few remain to breed on the mountains. It passes 
through Greece and Asia Minor on migration, and winters in Palestine, 
Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, and Algeria, and has been recorded from Africa 
as far south as Caffreland. The eastern Tree-Pipit breeds throughout 
Siberia south of lat. 62° and east of Krasnoyarsk. It also breeds in Japan. 
It passes through Mongolia on migration, and winters in China, Burma, 
and India. 
Although the Tree-Pipit bears a very close resemblance to the Meadow- 
Pipit, it may generally be distinguished, even on the wing, by its slightly 
longer tail and larger size. The Meadow-Pipit does not perch much on 
trees, hence its hind claw is long and comparatively straight, whilst 
that of the Tree-Pipit is short and curved to enable it to perch securely 
on the branches. In spite of these distinctions, and the great difference 
in the haunts and the eggs of the two birds, they were very often 
confused together by early ornithologists. So far as is known, the Tree- 
Pipit was first distinguished from the Meadow-Pipit by Francis Jessop, 
of Sheffield, who carefully pointed out the differences between the two 
species to Mr. Willughby, in whose ‘ Ornithologia’ it appeared under the 
name of Lesser Field-Lark. Both species are still common within half an 
hour’s walk of Jessop’s old residence, which is still known by the name of 
Broomhall. 
The Tree-Pipit arrives in the southern parts of England during the 
second or third week of April, a week later in Yorkshire, and in the south 
of Scotland not until the beginning of May. Mr. Cordeaux has observed 
it in North Lincolnshire on two occasions as early as the 5th of April. 
It is a woodland bird, and is fond of open pieces of forest-land well 
studded with old trees intermixed with birches. It is also very partial to 
the outskirts of woods, and is especially common in fields where there are 
tall trees in the hedges. It is rarely seen in bare and exposed tracts of 
