2 FARMERS’ BULLETIN 675. 
always an evidence that the trees need immediate attention. Fre- 
quently an examination of an orchard induced by finding one tree 
with castings at the base will reveal the fact that many trees are 
affected and that serious injury has already been done. 
In many localities the borers of this species are so abundant that 
when young apple orchards are neglected practically all the trees 
will be killed or injured beyond recovery before they are 10 years 
old. (Fig. 2.) 
HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION. 
The roundheaded apple-tree borer is a native of North America, 
and has been known in this coun- 
try as an enemy of cultivated 
fruit trees for nearly a century. 
Before orchards were planted 
here it doubtless bred in the wild 
trees, which it still inhabits. 
The species was first described 
by Fabricius in the year 1787. It 
was redescribed by Thomas Say 
in 1824, the description contain- 
ing a note that the insect injured 
apple trees by boring in the wood. 
In 1825 it was observed to be at- 
tacking fruit trees about Albany, 
N. Y., and during the same year 
was reported to have caused a loss 
estimated at $2,000 in one orchard 
at Troy, N. Y. Since that time 
there have been frequent com- 
plaints of great injury over a wide 
scope of country in the eastern 
half of the United States and 
southeastern Canada. Instances 
Fic. 2.—Young apple tree dying from in- of the entire destruction of apple 
et (ee apple- and quince orchards by this insect 
are not uncommon, and the cost 
and trouble of protecting trees against its ravages amount to an im- 
portant item in the expense of orchard maintenance throughout the 
region where the species occurs. Its known range may be bounded by 
a line extending from near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River 
westward through Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, thence through 
Nebraska, Kansas, New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ala- 
bama, and Georgia to the Atlantic coast. (See fig. 1.) Curiously 
