THE LEOPARD MOTH. 3 
appearance of the pupa is shown in figure 1 at d, which illustrates 
the empty pupal case projecting from the burrow, as the moth has 
left it. 
ORIGINAL HOME; SPREAD AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. 
The leopard moth, like so many other dangerous pests, is a Eu- 
ropean species which has been accidentally introduced into the 
United States in comparatively recent years. Its Old World distri- 
bution, as recorded, is central and southern Europe, southern Sweden, 
southwestern Africa, Algeria, northern Morocco, and the western 
portion of Asia Minor. 
This species was introduced into the United States sometime prior 
to 1879; in this year a hving moth was captured in a spider’s web at 
Hoboken, N. J. In 1887 it was seen at Newark, N. J., but was not 
actually recorded as occurring in this country until the following 
year. In 1890 the moths were observed at electric lights at Orange, 
N. J. In 1894 its destructive ravages were recognized in Central 
Park, in New York City. 
Fortunately the spread of this insect, particularly in the immedi- 
ate vicinity of New York City, has been very slow, a fact which may 
be attributed to several causes: (1) The slow and feeble flight of the 
female, (2) the dominance of sparrows and squirrels in large cities, 
causing our native birds, such as woodpeckers, to be driven to the 
country, where they destroyed the moths, and (3) the bowl-shaped 
electric-lght globes, open at the top and closed at the bottom, 
which were formerly in general use in our large cities. The males 
are strongly attracted to brilliant lights, and many were captured 
and perished in these globes in earlier years. 
Specimens were collected at Bridgeport, Conn., in 1901. The 
species now occurs on Staten Island and has spread on Long Island 
well beyond the confines of greater New York. Southward it was 
reported a pest, in 1901, at Ocean Grove, N. J., and by 1905 was re- 
corded at Kensico, N. Y., 25 miles north of New York City. By 
1907 it was captured at New Haven, Conn. In 1908 it appeared in 
injurious numbers in the vicinity of Boston, Mass., where it seriously 
attacked the large elms on the Harvard University campus, and has 
since spread to more distant localities, specimens having been re- 
ceived from Lynn and from the island of Nantucket. It has been 
received from at least one locality in Rhode Island. Other towns and 
cities are indicated on the map (fig. 2), on which the southward limit, 
Woodbury, N. J., is shown. 
On the occasion of a visit to New York City in recent years the 
junior writer was unable to find this insect or any evidence of its 
injury in the parks of Manhattan and Harlem. In side streets in the 
