6 FARMERS’ BULLETIN 108. 
instance 84 were found in a single tree. By the time the larve 
within have attained full growth, infested limbs of a certain size are 
likely to break off, especially during or after a severe storm, for the 
full-grown larva in many cases girdles the branch. The manner of 
girdling is shown at the top of the section of wood illustrated in 
figure 3. In 1893, after every storm in Central Park immense num- 
bers of limbs were seen, some entirely broken off and others still 
hanging to the trees. 
The larva when fully mature transforms to the pupa within its 
burrow, the change beginning to occur during the second May after 
the hatching of the eggs. The larva thus 
requires nearly two years to complete its 
growth. The pupa, by means of the sharp 
protuberance on its head, is enabled to force 
its way partly out of the burrow, after 
which the skin splits cpen and the moth 
emerges. The empty pupal skin remains 
for some time projecting from the orifice. 
(Hig de d-) 
The presence of this borer in a branch is 
manifested by an accumulation of chips, 
matted excrement, and frass, which indi- 
cates the entrance to the burrow. After a 
time these holes are closed from within by 
a silken web, doubtless to protect the con- 
tained insect from its natural enemies. 
Smaller twigs wilt and break off, and often 
the work of the insect is first recognized 
Fic. 3.—Section of wood show-- only when the severed twigs or branches 
ing burrow and’ girdling have been brought down in numbers by 
effect produced by larva of S p) 
leopard moth. Reduced. high winds. Where the larger larve have 
Se ee worked just under the bark this splits open 
the next season, leaving an ugly scar as a reminder of its pernicious 
operations. (Fig. 4.) 
NATURAL ENEMIES. 
No specific natural enemies of the leopard moth other than birds 
appear to have been recorded in this country, although in Europe 
three or four wasplke parasites? have been reared. 
In the explanation of the slow spread of the leopard moth from 
cities and large towns to the country, allusion has been made to 
the fact that native birds assist, to some extent at least, in holding 
1 An indeterminate chalcidid of the subfamily Encyrtinsee—perhaps (Copidosoma) Lito- 
mastix truncateilum Dalm.—and Schreineria zeuzerae Ashm., Microgaster sp., and one 
proctotrypid. 
