CLOVER LEAFHOPPER AND ITS CONTROL. "3 
The face (fig. 1, d) is triangular and is marked with short black 
lines. The two small, round, dark spots on the upper side of the 
head distinguish the clover leafhopper from many others frequently 
observed in alfalfa and clover fields. The nymphs, or young, re- 
semble the adults in form but lack wings. In color they are creamy 
white with heavy dark spots and bands. The eggs are white and 
very small. To the farmer, leafhoppers will be distinguished from 
other insects not so much by their form and markings as by their 
habit of jumping, their quick movements, and their minute size. 
The manner in which they jump from plant to plant is much like 
that of grasshoppers. 
WHERE THE LEAFHOPPER OCCURS. 
The clover leafhopper is distributed generally throughout the 
United States, records showing its occurrence in every section of 
the country. Its range also includes southern Canada and Mexico. 
THE INJURY, AND HOW IT IS PRODUCED. 
The primary injury is produced by the direct feeding of the leaf- 
hoppers. The single tiny feeding puncture is itself inconsequential, 
and injury results only when a great number of leafhoppers attack 
the. same plant. As many as 600 have been counted upon one plant. 
The early stages of injury are indicated by a yellowing of the tissue 
around the feeding punctures. These spots gradually enlarge and 
become more pronounced, and the plants take on a sickly condition 
which results in the curling up of the leaflets and the final wilting 
of the foliage. The leafhoppers have been noted to puncture the 
flower buds and petals, and in this way to cause a decrease in the 
‘amount of seed produced. Upon grains, grasses, and grasslike 
plants most of the feeding is done along the midribs of the blades, 
causing the latter to shrivel. 
A second form of injury is produced by the forcing of the eggs 
into the stem and leaf tissue by the adult female. This causes a 
distortion of the surrounding tissue and often results in a gall-lke 
formation. 
PLANTS ATTACKED. 
The principal plants attacked are those of the bean family, includ- 
ing alfalfa, clover, cowpea, and vetch; although the species is com- 
mon in meadow and pasture lands and feeds on a number of culti- 
vated as well as native grasses. Adults have been captured in wheat, 
rye, and barley fields, but in all probability they migrated there 
from near-by grasslands or clover fields. The frequent occurrence 
of this leafhopper in wheat in the eastern half of the United States 
