DIV-.INSECTS 
Wasuinaton, D: C. 759 OcroBER 9, 1916 
Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology, L. O. Howard, Chief. 
“WHITE ANTS”! AS PESTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND 
METHODS OF PREVENTING THEIR DAMAGE. 
By T. E. Snyper, 
Specialist in Forest Entomology, Forest Insect Investigations. 
CONTENTS. 
Page; | Page. 
MGR CHIOM eee hee cerns ote cet eese 1 | Damage to shrubs, flowers, and greenhouse 
Description and habits of white ants... --- PA ISGOCK <.nc See eo o= Son esse sac eee 12 
Life cycle of white ants................--.-. 4 | Protection of woodwork in buildings. ..--. 12 
MIE S Wears oe see eno is ok nylecsieiniee 4 | Protection of stored material.......-.--.-- 17 
Damage to woodwork of buildings and to Protection of living trees. ....-.--.----.---- 18 
OUMAE IID EI] wee e en re Leah fen ee 5 | Protection of nursery stock, vineyards, and 
Damage to stored material.......-....---- 8 1010 CLOPSSeeeer: - - - seem ecie + aceeee eee 18 
Damage to fruit, nut, shade, and forest | Protection of flowers and greenhouse stock. - 18 
Wit Seeditnce tens Nope a eee een eee 9 Summarized recommendations for protec- ° 
Damage to field crops and grazing land...- 10 tion of woodwork in buildings. .-.-...-..--. 19 
Damage to nursery stock, young plantation ; 
Shockwand- vineyards =. -.-3.------<---- 11 
INTRODUCTION. 
( ) 
The serious damage which ‘‘white ants,’ or termites, cause to a 
ereat variety of wood products, as well as to growing plants, can be 
prevented. This publication gives a brief account of these insects, 
their habits and damage, and shows how losses from this source may 
be avoided. The most serious damage by white ants is that caused 
to foundation timbers and the woodwork of buildings and to the 
material stored therein. Similar damage to other construction tim- 
ber in contact with the ground is considerable, especially in the 
Southern States. 
1 The species principally treated herein are Leucotermes flavipes Kollar, L. virginicus Banks, and L, 
lucifugus Rossi. 
54045°—Bull. 759—16——1 
