ORCHARD BARKBEETLES AND PINHOLE BORERS. 13 
the whitewash is mixed thin enough for application with a spray 
pump, two sprayings made about the same time will be necessary to 
supply a protective covering to the bark. If the mixture is made 
thicker, a single coat applied with a broom or brush will be sufficient 
for one time. The addition of a handful of table salt to each pail of 
whitewash will render the application more adhesive. Good results 
have been obtained by mixing a pint of crude cresylic acid with each 
10 gallons of the whitewash. 
The whitewash will not kill the insects already in the trees, but if 
a solid coat is maintained on the bark it will prevent in a large 
measure the laying of additional eggs and enable the trees, by the 
help of cultivation and fertilizers, to recover 
from the injury. 
Many other washes, paints, and sprays have 
been tested against these insects, but when the 
cost of material, simplicity of preparation, 
and effectiveness are considered, nothing has 
been found that can be recommended as pref- 
erable to whitewash when prepared and used 
as directed above. 
THE APPLE WOOD-STAINER.* 
The small wood-boring beetle known as the 
Fig. 14.—The apple 
apple wood-stainer (fig. 14) derives its name woudssilinios diloner: 
from the fact that it stains the walls of its bur- thrum mali): Adult, 
A 5 or beetle. Much en- 
rows black by propagating thereon a moldlike laveed —aateral sive 
fungus on which it and its larve feed. This in small circle. (Orig- 
interesting habit is possessed by several re- ae 
lated species, and the name “ambrosia beetles” has been given to 
the group on that account. Frequently the wood surrounding the 
burrows is stained a dark color as a result of the fungous growth. 
The adult apple wood-stainer (fig. 14) is about one-tenth of an 
inch long and is reddish-brown to nearly black. In form it is 
eylindrical and slender, and it does not differ greatly in appearance 
from the barkbeetles described previously. A score or more of food 
_ plants have been recorded. These include forest and orchard trees, 
casks in which wine and other liquids are stored, and manufactured 
mahogany lumber. Among fruit trees it is known to attack apple. 
plum, cherry, and orange. About 50 years ago it attracted attention 
as an enemy of apple trees in Massachusetts, where it is said to have 
riddled the trunks of many young trees. Associated with this species 
1 Monarthrum mali Fitch; order Coleoptera, family Ipidae, 
