Aphids Injurious to Orchard Fruits, Etc. 45 
The preparation of the emulsion may be simplified by the use of 
a naphtha soap. No heat will be required, as the kerosene will com- 
bine readily with the naphtha soap in water, when thoroughly 
_ agitated. If naphtha soap is used, twice as much will be required as 
is given for the other kinds of soap in the foregoing formula, and soft 
or rain water should be used in making the emulsion. In regions 
where the water is ‘‘hard’’ this should first be ‘‘broken”’ with a lit- 
tle carbonate of soda, or common lye, before use for dilution, to 
prevent the soap from combining with the lime or magnesia present, 
thus liberating some of the kerosene; or rain water may be employed. 
SPRAYING FOR APPLE APHIDS. 
Experiments made by the Bureau of: Entomology and several of 
the agricultural experiment stations, notably those of Colorado and 
Oregon and the Geneva, N. Y., station, show that the aphids attack- 
ing the fruit and foliage of the apple are best controlled by spray- 
ing in the early spring just as the buds are breaking to destroy the 
stem-mothers. At this time the insects are hatching from the win- 
ter eggs, and are so exposed that one thorough treatment should — 
destroy from 95 to 98 per cent of them and prevent their increase 
to such an extent that they will not cause serious injury later in the 
season. This applies especially to the oat aphis, the rosy aphis, and 
the clover aphis. 
THE DELAYED DORMANT TREATMENT. 
The plan is to delay the application of the winter-strength lime- 
sulphur solution until the buds begin to show green, and, by the addi- 
tion to the spray of tobacco extract or nicotine, effect a combination 
treatment for the San Jose scale! and the aphids. Principally nicotine 
sulphate, containing 40 per cent nicotine, is used at the rate of 34 
pint to 100 gallons of lime-sulphur spray. The nicotine destroys 
the hatched aphids that are hit with the spray, while the lime-sul- 
phur, in addition to controlling the scale, is thought to destroy a 
large proportion of the eggs of the aphids on the trees, should any be 
still unhatched. 
In orchards badly infested with the scale it is doubtful whether the 
grower should take chances with the delayed dormant treatment, 
especially in large orchards where the spraying takes considerable 
time. Unfavorable weather or other conditions may so delay spray-. 
ing operations that the foliage will develop to such an extent that 
the use of dormant-strength lime-sulphur would endanger the leaves. 
Such late spraying, furthermore, would not be as effective as desira- 
ble in destroying the aphids, since most of these would be more or 
less protected by the foliage or would have penetrated the expanding 
shoots. 
1Aspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.) 
